Kuyini isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo. Ubani wawuyingxenye isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo?

Feudalism njengoba esiteji yemvelo ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu unendawo ebalulekile emlandweni. Uhlelo yabonakala nokwehla zasendulo owawukhona kwamanye amazwe kuze kube yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Imodi entsha zokukhiqiza

Ngakho, uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, owathatha uhlelo eyisigqila yayiyisikhonzi nge ncazelo ezithuthukayo. I ashukumisayo kakhulu ingxenye eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini - amaqhawe nezikhulu - bayawuqhwaga evundile etholakalayo, futhi zizenza impahla yabo. Isinqe salo kwaba emafeni amakhulu, okuyinto wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili: Manor ukuze Manor nemizana nge abalimi nasekuthengeni. Ingxenye ubunikazi, okuqondene umnikazi, ngokuthi "isizinda". Ngesikhathi esifanayo wethula isizinda umbusi ekhethekile yezwe, okuyinto azibonela yona khulula ukulahla uma bebona kunesidingo. Lapha, ngaphezu umhlabathi olimekayo, nazo ezifakwe amahlathi, izimfunda, amadamu.

Usayizi enkulu izindlu ivumela ukukhiqiza zonke izidingo zokuphila, ngakho-ke lokhu isimiso sezomnotho kwakungandile uhlamvu ngonya futhi emlandweni ngokuthi "ukulimela ukuziphilisa." Labo izimpahla, okuyinto emnothweni akwanele, ingatholakala ngenxa ukushintshana nomunye fief. Abalimi abahlala kuyo babe yizinkulungwane mathupha khulula futhi akudingekile ukuba uthwale uhlu oluthile imisebenzi esivuna uMnu

umphakathi phezulu medieval

kwavela Ngakho isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo, ie isikhundla namaqembu omphakathi ukuthi baye babonisa isimo sabo emphakathini. Lolu hlobo mbhoshongo phezu owawungumnyaka umbusi ophakeme, uJehova kuqala izinduna yezwe - isikhulu noma inkosi (kuye ngokuthi isimo).

Ngakho yini umehluko esitebhisini amakhosi asendulo? Bamane wachaza. Besilokhu wabeluleki abaqotho nkosi abathembele Imali insiza. Uma ku kusaqalwa kweNhloko Yombuso wabavumela ukuthi uqoqe izintela kubantu bese ebashiya ingxenye uqobo njengoba intengo, bese kamuva ohlelweni kwaba ngcono. Manje umbusi lesizinda sakhe awunika izinceku zakhe - akhonze - nesiqephu sezwe esisodwa, owakhiwe labantu nasekuthengeni.

ubunikazi Land kwaba ngofuzo, kodwa ilungelo ophakeme it fanele kuze wazo, ngakho endabeni ukuphinga ngaphansi kwesizwe asuse ifa. Ngo izifundo ezinkulu zenkosi futhi izinceku okwadingeka aqukethe. Izinduna izigodi zabo siqu wabanikeza izwe eziningi serfs. Usayizi iziza kwakuxhomeke ukubaluleka lo muntu ngoba wazo.

Ekugcineni, rừng phansi izigodi amakhosi asendulo kwakufanele Knights elula ubani zehlulekile ukusinikela izinceku phansi. Futhi phansi mbhoshongo kukhona "injini" lonke uhlelo - the serfs. Ngakho, labo abangena isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo kwakufanele izigodi main eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini.

izimiso European oda emhlabeni

ezitebhisini amakhosi asendulo, noma (kwelinye) wokwehlayo kwaba isakhiwo eqinile. Kwakuthinta cishe lingekho iyiphi ukuhamba. Wazalelwa a serf, indoda wafa, ikhono lokushintsha zabo nesimo sabo emphakathini kwaba omncane. Lokhu kwanika ukuthula eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini, asemngceleni yokujama tsi.

Ukuthuthukiswa feudalism kucishe kuwo wonke amazwe. Ekuqaleni wadala isimo elikhulu, okuyinto nhlanganisela level ezahlukene izizwe nezinhlangano zamaKhosi. Khona-ke lezi zindawo ngaphansi kobukhosi olulodwa, ukuze uthole usizo, lwaqina, kamuva kwaholela ukwenqena kwabo ukuze balalele umbusi ophakeme. amandla Owabe ezinkulu yaphenduka "zezindwangu Quilt", Welukwa usayizi ezahlukene kanye nokuthuthukiswa izifunda, principalities, nezinye amayunithi amakhosi asendulo.

uyiqala kanjalo kwenkathi nokwahlukana isimo kanye nobunye. Elikhulu emnothweni zemvelo okuqinisekile izinduna kwadingeka zako. Ngakho, umniniyo incithakalo disadvantageous abalimi zabo, wasekela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, zazenza okuphambene - ithuthukisa ukugqilazwa kwabantu.

Ubuhlobo amasosha omzimba wagabadela ilungelo le suzerainty egcwele, okwakusho abalimi kokubili ukuvikelwa nokulalela. Futhi uma ekuqaleni inkululeko siqu uhlala kubo ngokugcwele, khona-ke kancane kancane balahlekelwa ke esikhundleni khona esitebeleni.

ukuhluka ngokobuzwe uhlelo

Medieval isitebhisi izinduna kwadingeka umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yayo kazwelonke. Ukuhunyushwa ubuhlobo ngaphansi kwesizwe-Liege kwakuhlukile, uthi, eFrance naseNgilandi. Ukuthuthukiswa yeNhlonhlo UK waya ngesivinini lesihamba kancane kuka ezwekazini laseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ezitebhisini umnyuziki izinduna eNgilandi uye wazakhela ngokuphelele phakathi nekhulu nambili.

Ngokusebenzisa incazelo ngokuqhathanisa esigayweni ezimbili, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa jikelele futhi ekhethekile. Ikakhulukazi, France, kwaba umthetho "ngaphansi kwesizwe of ngaphansi kwesizwe sami - hhayi ngaphansi kwesizwe sami", okwakusho le vzaimopodchineniya ukukhishwa e sabaphathi amakhosi asendulo. Lokhu kwanika nesilinganiso esithile sokuzola emphakathini. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanikazi bamazwe abaningi bayakubona lokhu kwesokudla ngokoqobo kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ekungqubuzaneni ne emandleni obukhosi.

ENgilandi wenza umthetho akuhambisani okuphambene. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa belated yokubusa amakhosi asendulo lapha isinyathelo "ngaphansi kwesizwe of ngaphansi kwesizwe sami -. Ngaphansi kwesizwe sami" Eqinisweni, lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke umphakathi ezweni kumele babhekane le nkosi, kungakhathaliseki izesekeli seignorial. Kodwa ngokuvamile isitebhisi izinduna kuwo wonke amazwe esabuka okufanayo.

Ubudlelwano izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho

Ngokuvamile, i-feudalism classical wakhala inkathi ka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, okuyinto kwafaka Europe kusukela ekhulwini leshumi. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini nantathu kwakukhona inqubo yinye akusheshi futhi ukudalwa isizwe-uthi ngesisekelo izimo ezintsha kakade. ubudlelwane izinduna ziye zashintsha, kodwa wasala yaseYurophu kwaze kwaba yilapho wonke amakhulu eminyaka 16-17, futhi uma sisilandela acabangele Russia, noma ngisho cishe ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19.

Inqubo yinye, eqale e-Russia ekhulwini le-13, waphazanyiswa ayehlasela amaMongol abahlaseli, labo ababebanga ukuba khona okunjalo eside survivals izinduna ezweni lethu. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861, i-Russia waqhamuka indlela kosozimali yentuthuko ngezinyawo zombili.