Ukuze amaseli webhaktheriya libhekene khona lokho? Ikakhulukazi isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi iseli webhaktheriya

Ngaphezu 5 imibuso imvelo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili superkingdom: prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes. Ngakho-ke, uma sicabangela isikhundla taxonomic kwamagciwane, kuyoba kanje:

1. Empire Cell.
2. Superkingdom Nuclear-DRM.
3. Umbuso prokaryotes.
4. Subkingdom amagciwane.

Kungani la magciwane bakha taxon ehlukile? Into wukuthi amaseli webhaktheriya zinezikhathi khona ezinye izici ukuthi akabathwesi isigxivizo ekhonweni layo ukuphila futhi uhlanganyele nabanye izidalwa futhi indoda.

Kokutholakala kwegciwane

Ukutholakala amaseli webhaktheriya kwaba kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe. Ngokucacile, ngokusungulwa kwesibonakhulu e 1695 godu isibonakhulu Ukugunyaza okhulisiwe izikhathi 300. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo-Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek. Usosayensi wabheka wakhe wokusungula amathonsi amanzi angcolile, futhi wabona ukuthi babezindla ogcwele nje nezilwanyana ezincane. Wababiza animalkuli.

ubufakazi Indubitable zikhona, nokubamba iqhaza ngqo ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezahlukene ndoda eyenziwe sibonga ucwaningo Lui Pastera.

Ngemva kwalokho, Amagciwane amaningi aye atholakala futhi wafundelwa. Ukuthuthukiswa mikrobilogii (isayensi amagciwane) wahamba izinyathelo olunzulu phambili.

Ngokucacile ke, yini izici isakhiwo iseli webhaktheriya, ezihlukahlukene zabo wamakhasi nokuma kwawo, ukubaluleka kanye yokuphila study kwesigaba yamagciwane - bacteriology. Okwamanje, it is eduze kuhlobene nezinga neminye imikhakha yesayensi: microbiology yezokwelapha, ngamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo futhi biochemistry, Biophysics, isikhala biology nabanye.

Izimo lamaseli webhaktheriya

Yilezo eziningana.

1. isakhiwo Globular noma coccoid. Ihlukaniswe yaba:

• micrococci - encane kakhulu, abameleli wodwa kanjani;
• diplokokki - isiqalo "di" kusho "ezimbili" (okungukuthi, ama-bacterium eqoqwe ngababili);
• tetrakokki - ifomu chetyrehstrukturnye eziphilayo;
• streptococcus - eyindilinga amagciwane koloni eqoqwe neketanga olulodwa;
• sartsiny - isimo esinjenganoma iphakethe 8, 12 noma 16 izakhiwo;
• staphylococci - ikoloni kwegciwane ngesimo samagrebhisi.

2. Bacillus, noma amagciwane induku emise. Ziyashiyashiyana ngokuvumelana nezimfuno eziningi.

• umumo: okulungile nokungalungile;
• ngosayizi: amancane, aphakathi nendawo noma enkulu;
• ezimise izakhiwo esibulalayo: wakhomba laphetha, oqoshiwe, uqweqwe;
• ngu ukuhlela ngeenqhema nokuhlukanisa okusha olulodwa, diplobatsilly, streptobakterii.

3. Crimped. Yabelana ku:

• vibrio - kancane engonxantathu e a umkhumbi;
• spirilla - libhekene amanani angalingani curls.

4. spirochetes. Yabelana ku:

• leptospira - ezimise S;
• Borrelia - 12 curls e isakhiwo;
• Treponema - kusuka 12 kuya 17 curls amancane naphakathi.

Ngokusobala, i-amaseli webhaktheriya libhekene khona amafomu ahlukahlukene ukuba ukuzivumelanisa yisiphi isimo.

Izici yenhlangano kwesakhiwo

Ama-bacterium awulona ize ukuhlukanisa embusweni bemvelo. Abesilisa kwatholakala ukuthi umnyombo kwangaphakathi, uphenyo izindlela nezinqubo zokuphila. Ngakho-ke, kwaba sobala ukuthi kukhona ezinye izici webhaktheriya cell isakhiwo.

Kukhona izingxenye eziningana ezinkulu ayadingeka ukuze ilungu lalesi umbuso ngamunye.

1. Ukuba khona lulwimi permeable plasma ulwelwesi.
2. Lolu ketshezi yangaphakathi naphakathi - cytoplasm, lapho kukhona zofuzo kanye ribosomes.

Futhi amaseli webhaktheriya libhekene khona futhi izakhiwo ozikhethela. Njenge:

• iseli udonga;
• microcapsule;
• ukufakwa;
• ukuphuza;
• capsule;
• izingxabano;
• flagella;
• isikhwehlela pericellular.

Ake sihlole kabanzi, iziphi izici webhaktheriya cell isakhiwo.

iseli isakhiwo

Ngaphandle igciwane ngamunye wamboza ulwelwesi cytoplasmic. Lesi sakhiwo kuyinto emithathu ungqimba phospholipid-amaprotheni inhlangano. ezifanayo isakhiwo sabo kanye nokwakheka ulwelwesi cell isilwane kakhulu. Uma kubhekwa e-microscope ebonakalayo ungqimba ngokucacile yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi kukhona mnyama aqukethe phospholipids. Ephakathi - amaprotheni eyayibonakala igcwale yonke ulwelwesi, ngakho, eziyingxenye esemqoka.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we ulwelwesi cytoplasmic - semipermeable futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthwa ukukhetha izinto esitokisini futhi kukho. Futhi umgoqo, inikeza ezingeni ejwayelekile ingcindezi osmotic, futhi iseli turgor (komzimba).

Ukuze amaseli webhaktheriya libhekene ebukhoneni cytoplasm - lulwimi liquid naphakathi yangaphakathi, okuyizinto izakhi ezibalulekile. Ukwakheka kwalo unikezwa:

• amaprotheni;
• polysaccharides;
• glycogen elimbudumbudu;
• beta-udwi otshekele kwesokunxele;
• volutin.

lekubukana nemfundzi ngamunye, iseli organelles, egxilile cytoplasm.

Ribosomes futhi nucleoid

Njengoba kunjalo kubo bonke iseli eukaryotic, endaweni webhaktheriya has amalungiselelo ayo zofuzo. Kuyinto ikhoyili ezinabantu phama kabili balahleke DNA okungukuthi i-chromosome eyodwa. Lesi sakhiwo akuyona uhlukane karyotheca cytoplasm ngakhoke akabizwa nucleus futhi nucleoid.

Kuvele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe zofuzo, abahlakazekile cytoplasm ayisakhiwo ngokuthi i plasmid. Bayisibonelo isiyingi DNA, Ngakho-ke imisebenzi eyengeziwe ngofuzo amaseli virus.

Ribosomes - izakhiwo kulencane sibaningi chithi saka cytoplasm. imvelo yabo uvezwa RNA molecule. Lezi elimbudumbudu izithombe ngawo ukunquma degree of ubuhlobo futhi isikhundla ehlelekile uhlobo oluthile amagciwane. Umsebenzi wawo - inhlangano yama-protein molecule.

capsule

Ukuze amaseli webhaktheriya libhekene khona okuvikela nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, ukubunjwa okuyinto polysaccharides uzimisele noma polypeptides. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama amaphilisi. Hlukanisa emkhatsini micro- futhi macrocapsules. Leli kulesakhiwo hhayi ezinhlobo, kodwa iningi, ukuthi akuyona impoqo.

Esivikela capsule kusukela cell webhaktheriya? Phagocytosis by aphethe amasosha omzimba, uma namagciwane abangela izifo. Noma omiswe nokuchayeka izinto eziyingozi, uma sikhuluma nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Amafinyila kanye nekuhlanganisa

Futhi isakhiwo ozikhethela amagciwane. Amafinyila, noma glycocalyx, ngesisekelo the chemical kuyinto polysaccharide mucoid. It zingase zimiswe ngaphakathi amaseli, kanye enzyme zangaphandle. Kakhulu oncibilikayo emanzini. Injongo: ukunamathela amagciwane substrate - adhesion.

Inclusions - micro-elimbudumbudu ku cytoplasm ezahlukene amakhemikhali nemvelo. Zingase zibekwe amaprotheni, amino acid, acid nucleic noma polysaccharides.

organelles ukunyakaza

Izici kwamaseli webhaktheriya nazo ebonakaliswa ezinyakazayo yayo. Ngenxa yalesi flagella abakhona, okungaba e inombolo ehlukile (eyodwa kuya amakhulu amaningana iseli ngalinye). Ngesisekelo msila ngamunye - the flagellin amaprotheni. Ngenxa ukusikeka nokunwebeka nokunyakaza ngesigci kusuka nangapha amabhaktheriya Ungahambisa emkhathini. Umsila unamathele ulwelwesi plasma. Indawo ingase futhi ziyashiyana zinhlobo ezahlukene.

Pili

Ngisho ohlabayo kuka flagella, izakhiwo abathintekayo ku:

• unamathele substrate;
• Ukudla amanzi usawoti;
• ukuzala.

Aqukethe iprotheni pilin, inombolo yabo kungaba kuze kube amakhulu amaningana iseli ngalinye.

Ukufana nge amaseli isitshalo

Amagciwane isitshalo cell zifana eyodwa abahlukene - khona odongeni cell. Nokho, uma izitshalo ke akunakuphikwa ukuthi amagciwane zingekho zonke izinhlobo, ukuthi ihlobene izakhiwo ezingadingekile.

I chemical yokwakheka webhaktheriya cell udonga:

• murein peptidoglycan;
• polysaccharides;
• lipids;
• amaprotheni.

Ngokuvamile, leli bhuloho has a ungqimba double: zangaphandle kwangaphakathi. Umsebenzi wenza okufanayo njengoba udonga cell izitshalo. Isekela futhi lisho komzimba njalo futhi inikeza isivikelo lokukhanda.

spore ukwakheka

Kuyini isakhiwo iseli webhaktheriya, sihlole ngokuningiliziwe. It uhlala kuphela ukubalula ukuthi leli gciwane lingaphila kwezimo ezingezinhle isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza.

Bephumelela ngokwakha isakhiwo ngokuthi ingxabano. It has lutho nge ukukhiqizwa kabusha futhi ivikela amagciwane kwezimo ezingezinhle kuphela. Ubujamo ezinhlamvu kungaba ezahlukene. Lapho ubuyisela izimo zokusebenza ezivamile ingxabano okuqaliswe futhi ikhule ibe amagciwane asebenzayo.