Izici calcium. calcium izakhiwo. calcium ifomula

Phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi ze-uhlelo gqwa kukhona eziningana zalokhu, ngaphandle okuyinto hhayi kuphela athuthukile ezihlukahlukene nezifo ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa ngokuvamile akwenzeki ngendlela evamile futhi ukhule. Enye yalezi - calcium.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, lapho kuziwa kule metal uyinto elula, ukuthi akukho ukusetshenziswa, akasafuni umuntu, ngisho nelimazayo. Nokho, ukuba umuntu amane nje ukusho athomu Ca ^2+, nanjengoba kuqondiswe kukhona eziningi amaphuzu agcwele ukubaluleka kwabo.

calcium isikhundla ohlelweni gqwa

Izimpawu calcium, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye isici iqala isikhundla indawo yakhe ohlelweni gqwa. Phela, kunikeza ithuba lokufunda okuningi ngalokhu athomu:

• ophethe kuyi-nucleus;
• inani electron nama-proton, neutrons;
• isimo namachibi, aphakeme futhi aphansi;
• electron ukumisa kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Udaba phambi kwethu isici esikhathini sesine, iqembu elikhulu yesibili, iqembu main futhi has a nenombolo ye-serial 20. Futhi, etafuleni chemical gqwa ikhombisa atomic weight-calcium - 40,08, okuyinto ukubaluleka isilinganiso isotopes ekhona ye-athomu ye inikezwe.

I degree of namachibi wedwa, njalo njalo, ilingana ezimbili. Formula oxide ephakeme Cao. Igama lesiLatini elisho i-calcium isici, kungakho uphawu Ca ama-athomu.

Izimpawu calcium uyinto elula

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile element kuyinto sensimbi, umbala esiliva-mhlophe. calcium uyinto okulula ifomula - CA. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali uyakwazi ukwakha sebuningini compounds okuqondene amakilasi ezahlukene.

In the state eziqinile umzimba womuntu Ayibalwa, Ngakho-ke kubalulekile nokuba angasetshenziswa ezimbonini kanye lobuchwepheshe (ikakhulukazi syntheses chemical).

It ingenye ezivame kakhulu we share in uqweqwe metal umhlaba, cishe 1.5%. Libhekisela eqenjini ane-alikhali emhlabeni, kusukela lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini kuveza alikhali, kodwa itholakala imvelo ngesimo namaminerali amaningi nosawoti. Kuningi-calcium (400 mg / l) lifakwa ezibalweni ukubunjwa amanzi olwandle.

crystal ngehele

izici calcium wachaza crystal ngehele isakhiwo ukuthi kungaba ezimbili zama (njengoba kukhona alpha ne ifomu beta):

• granetsentricheskaya cubic;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

uhlobo Ubuhlobo e-molecule ye - a esibunjiweyo ngehele, njengazo zonke - athomu metal ion.

Ukuba nemvelo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izinto eziyisisekelo ngokwemvelo aqukethe lesi sici.

1. Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki.
2. Rocks namaminerali.
3. Eziphilayo (amagobolondo amagobolondo, amathambo nokunye).
4. amanzi Ground ku ungqimba lomhlaba.

Ingabonisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo amatshe namaminerali imithombo yemvelo calcium.

1. Dolomite - inhlanganisela calcium carbonate ne-magnesium.
2. Fluorite - calcium one-fluoride.
3. Gypsum - caso ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - wokulinganisa, limestone, zemabula - calcium carbonate.
5. Alabhaste - caso ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Ubude isehlane namaminerali ezahlukene mayelana 350 namadwala aqukethe calcium.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

It kuhlulekile sokutakula metal isikhathi eside e ifomu mahhala, kusukela reactivity yayo kuphezulu nemvelo ifomu okumsulwa ayikwazi ukutholwa. Ngakho-ke, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu XIX (1808), sakhi umbuzo lalingesinye imfihlakalo ibithwele ishadi lesikhathi.

Calcium njengoba metal wakwazi synthesize usokhemisi IsiZulu Gemfri Devi. Wayengumuntu izici lokuqala kutholakala nokuxhumana Udambisa amaminerali okuqinile kanye nosawoti kusukela electrocution. Kuze kube manje namanje ngendlela ehambisana kakhulu ukuthola lena electrolysis we usawoti metal yalo, njenge:

• inhlanganisela calcium ne potassium chloride;
• inhlanganisela calcium one-fluoride futhi chloride.

Kungenzeka futhi ukususa oxide calcium kuwo esebenzisa ezivamile yokusansimbi aluminothermy indlela.

izakhiwo

izici calcium nemingcele ngokomzimba lingachazwa e amaphuzu amaningana.

1. Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe wokuhlanganisa - okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo kuma.
2. Ukuma - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Metal elithambile, kungenziwa wasika ngommese.
4. Umbala - silvery ezimhlophe, elicwebezelayo.
5. Conduction futhi ine okuhle izakhiwo ukushisa-esiqhuba.
6. Ukushisa isikhathi eside abaphendukile ukuba uketshezi, isimo ke umusi, ukulahlekelwa izakhiwo zensimbi. Ukubila iphuzu 1484 ⁰ C.

Izakhiwo i-calcium unayo eyodwa sici. Lapho metal ungaphansi kokucindezeleka, ngesikhathi abanye ilahlekelwa metallic yayo izakhiwo kanye nekhono conductivity. Nokho, nge okunye ukwanda ukuchayeka sinciphile futhi kubonakala njengendlela superconductor, kuba izikhathi eziningana kunangendlela ezinye izakhi lezi izinkomba.

chemical izakhiwo

Umsebenzi we metal kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ekuxhumaneni eziningi, lapho i-calcium ingena. Ukusabela ne-non-izinsimbi zonke ngaye - into evamile, ngoba njengoba i-ejenti ekunciphiseni, yena unamandla kakhulu.

1. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ke abasheshe asabela ngayo yakha lunikeza compounds kanambambili nge: halogens, umoya-mpilo.
2. Lapho Ukushisa, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, carbon, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, boron, isibabule, nabanye.
3. Outdoors ngokushesha wasithukuthelela carbon dioxide ne-oksijini, embozwe kanjalo grey ukuchichima.
4. Acid iyaphendula ngamandla, ngezinye izikhathi yisihlungu.

izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo-calcium avele uma kuziwa kuye lichaza ekwakheni nosawoti. Ngakho, enhle emhumeni elilengayo futhi stalagmites, ezimila ophahleni futhi izindonga, into njengoba i-calcium carbonate, wakhiwa isikhathi yamanzi, carbon dioxide ne-hydrogen ngezinqubo ngaphakathi komhlaba.

Uma ucabangela indlela metal asebenzayo esimweni esejwayelekile, uyigcine endaweni yokucwaninga, kanye ane-alikhali. Ngo emnyama ingilazi esitsheni ngesivalo uphawu futhi ngaphansi ungqimba uphalafini noma upharafini.

ukuphendula qualitative ku-calcium ion - ilangabi umbala ngendlela, umbala enhle egcwele isitini-bomvu. Futhi metal ezikhonjwe compounds kungenziwa yakhiwe i kwezulu ezinye nosawoti yalo (lwe-calcium carbonate, one-fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite) zingaxazululeki.

metal compounds

Izinhlobonhlobo Okulandelayo metal compounds:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• calcium usawoti (Ngokwesilinganiso, ene-asidi, eziyisisekelo, kabili, eziyinkimbinkimbi).

Calcium oxide ngokuthi quicklime. Cao isetshenziswa ukudala izinto zokwakha (lime). Uma i-nitrous ukucima amanzi, thina ukuthola hydroxide okuhambisanayo, alikhali izakhiwo asathuthuka.

Lokubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo ihlukile calcium nosawoti, ezisetshenziswa imikhakha ehlukene emnothweni. Kuyini khona usawoti, siye eshiwo ngenhla kakade. Sinikeza ezinye izibonelo zalezi zinhlobo compounds.

1. usawoti okulingene - carbonate Caco _3, phosphate Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} nabanye.
2. Acid - sulfate CaHSO _4.
3. Key - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Inxanxathela - [Ca (NH _{3) 8]} Cl _2.
5. Dual - 5Ca (CHA _{3) 2} * NH ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Kuyinto ngesimo compounds alesi sigaba-calcium kubalulekile eziphilayo, njengoba umthombo ion emzimbeni kukhona nosawoti.

Iqhaza yemvelo

Kuyini ukubaluleka calcium nomzimba womuntu? Kunezizathu eziningana.

1. Kuyinto lesi sici ion bayingxenye ketshezi intercellular, nezicubu uketshezi, ukubamba iqhaza ukulawulwa excitation izindlela kwama-hormone neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium aqoqana amathambo, izinyo koqweqwe lwawo e imali mayelana 2.5% esisindo Imininingwane. Lona impela eningi futhi edlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni lezi zakhiwo, esaziwa amandla abo nokuzinza. Ukukhula umzimba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalo.
3. Igazi ekunqandeni kubuye sincike athomu kubhekwe.
4. Kuyinto ingxenye imisipha yenhliziyo ngokubamba iqhaza excitation yayo nokuncipha.
5. Ingabe ingxenye izinqubo exocytosis nezinye izinguquko intracellular.

Uma inani ne-calcium eyanele alanele, kungenzeka ukuthuthukiswa izifo ezifana:

• yamathambo;
• kwamathambo;
• izifo igazi.

Izinga nsuku zonke umuntu omdala - 1,000 mg, futhi izingane ezineminyaka engu-9 1300 mg. Ukuze ugweme isivuno sisiningi kakhulu emzimbeni walesi sakhi akufanele idlule umthamo esishiwo. Uma kungenjalo, ungase ukuthuthukisa isifo wamathumbu.

Ngazo zonke eziphilayo nezidalwa calcium akuyona ezingabalulekile kangako. Ngokwesibonelo, abaningi ezingenamgogodla , nakuba ungenalo skeleton, kodwa izindlela sangaphandle nokuwaqinisa njengoba zokwakheka metal. Phakathi kwabo:

• shellfish;
• izimbaza oyster;
• izipanji;
• polyp coral.

Zonke abazigqokayo ezinkalweni zabo noma isimiso, akhiwa inqubo zokuphila exoskeleton esivikela kuzo emathonyeni zangaphandle nasezilwaneni eziyingozi. Isakhi esiyinhloko ke - calcium usawoti.

izilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla, njengabantu, kudingeka kucatshangelwe ion ekukhuleni evamile nokuthuthuka futhi bawathola ukudla.

nemithi Calcium-equkethe

Zikhona ongakhetha eziningi ngosizo okuyinto kungenzeka akha element olahlekile emzimbeni evamile. Okungcono kakhulu, yebo, nezindlela zemvelo - Imikhiqizo equkethe athomu oyifunayo. Nokho, uma kukhona isizathu akunakwenzeka noma alanele, umzila yezokwelapha futhi eyamukelekayo.

Ngakho, uhlu imikhiqizo equkethe calcium, kanje:

• ubisi nobisi imikhiqizo;
• inhlanzi;
• imifino;
• okusanhlamvu (nokunye okufana nokolweni, irayisi, bayobhaka lonke kakolweni);
• ezinye izithelo ezisawolintshi (amawolintshi, tangerines);
• ubhontshisi;
• Zonke nati (ikakhulukazi alimondi walnuts).

Uma kwamanye yokungezwani komzimba ukudla noma abangakwazi ukusebenzisa kwabo yisiphi esinye isizathu, Gcwalisa ezingeni timphawu oyifunayo emzimbeni kuzosiza izidakamizwa calcium-aqukethe.

Bonke bangabangasokile usawoti metal ukuthi ziyakwazi kugaywe kalula, ngokushesha ofakwe up egazini futhi emathunjini. Phakathi kwabo ethandwa kakhulu futhi ewusizo kukhona okulandelayo.

1. calcium chloride - Isixazululo for umjovo noma abaphathi ngomlomo abadala kanye nezingane. okuhlushwa ezahlukene sikasawoti ukwakheka esetshenziselwa "isibhamu ashisayo" kusukela kudala umuzwa lapho vkalyvaniem. Kukhona amafomu nge ijusi yezithelo lula ukungenisa.
2. Calcium gluconate. Iyatholakala njengoba zithutha (0.25 noma 0.5 g), futhi izixazululo umjovo emthanjeni. Ngokuvamile ngesimo amaphilisi kuhlanganisa izithelo flavour ahlukahlukene.
3. Calcium lactate - etholakala izibhebhe 0.5 g