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Kuyini nezwekazi eningizimu nezwe

Uma ucela abantu abayikhulu: "Kuyini nezwekazi eseningizimu emhlabeni", ilungelo, maye, sikwazi ukuphendula hhayi wonke umuntu. Ukuze angasusa noma yikuphi ukungabaza zalabo ungazi impendulo yalo mbuzo, ukubhuka ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuthi izwekazi eseningizimu kuyinto Antarctica. It wavulwa yakamuva ye amazwekazi eMhlabeni.

Befuna Antarctica

I zokuma kwendawo lasendulo kanye nabahamba okusolakala ukuthi Nenkabazwe eningizimu kumele kube nezwekazi elikhulu. Phakathi yokufunela kwayo Australia kwatholakala, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside njengengxenye yaleli zwekazi. Kamuva, wamangalelwa bajwayelane esiqhingini esiseduze Antarctica. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba wokuvula yayo ukubeka phambili yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu ezweni elithile eNingizimu. Ukuze ukuthole wathumela mikhankaso eziningi, elikwazi ukuzwa kuphela iziqhingi ezinkulu emhlabeni izwekazi, kodwa ezwekazini isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukuthola. Esifundweni New Zealand uJames Cook kwatholakala ukuthi akuyona kwelivi qoqo leziqhingi nezwekazi eliseningizimu.

Leli zwekazi eningizimu nezwe wavula uhambo Russian eholwa F. F.Bellinsgauzena Januwari 28, 1820. Ngo 1831-33, umhloli wamazwe IsiZulu George. Biscoe wahamba ngomkhumbi wazungeza i-Antarctica. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-19 leminyaka ngomkhumbi Antarctica uqalisiwe ngenxa izidingo elandayo lezisebenzi Whaling. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX ogwini kweqhwa ezwekazini bentanta mikhankaso eziningi: Norwegian, Scottish futhi waseBelgium.

Eminyakeni 1898-99 Borchgrevink wachitha ubusika kuqala ezwekazini eningizimu (Cape Adare). Ngalesi sikhathi, wakwazi ukuba sihlaziye isimo sezulu kanye emanzini angasogwini. Wabe banquma ukuthuthela maphakathi nezwe ukuze uhlole izici zayo.

Ukuvulwa kwekhulu lama-20

Ekhulwini lama-20, lapho kutadishwa ekhoneni enomoya planethi baqhubeka. Ngo uhambo 1901-04 awabhalela nezwekazi eliseningizimu (isithombe okuyinto ungabona ngokucacile ngezansi) eyenziwe R. Scott. umkhumbi wakhe "Ukutholwa" kufikile ogwini loLwandle Ross. Ngenxa yalokho bomkhankaso Peninsula Edward-Ross Ice wavulwa. Scott wakwazi futhi iqoqe idatha kwi komhlaba, amaminerali, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene-Antarctica.

Eminyakeni 1907-09 amaNgisi wamazwe Shackleton wafuna ukuthola phezu isihlibhi kuya-South Pole, kuvulele omunye zamaqhwa ngobukhulu - Beardmore Glacier. Kodwa ngenxa umphumela ukufa nezinja ezidonsa izihlibhi kanye ngamahhashi amancane ayenakho ukuze ujike emuva engakafiki isigxobo 178 km.

Eyokuqala owakwazi ukufinyelela-South Pole, kwaba Norwegian wamazwe polar R. Amundsen (Disemba 1911). kamuva North Pole nje kwenyanga kufika iqembu eliholwa Scott. Nokho, uma sebebuya, engakafiki km 18 ukuze enkambini yalo, bomkhankaso ngamandla alo babhubha. Izidumbu zabo futhi Diaries ezitholakala ngemva kwezinyanga 8 kuphela.

umnikelo Omkhulu ekutadisheni Antarctica uye wenza sokuma Australian D. Mawson, yena esikuyi phezu 200 lezinto ezindawo (umhlaba, Princess Elizabeth, ngoba iNdlovukazi uMary I, i-Mac Robertson nabanye).

Ngo-1928, leli zwekazi eningizimu nezwe ngendiza, wavakashela American wamazwe polar nomshayeli R. Baird. Kusukela ngo-1928 kuya ku-1947, ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe 4 mikhankaso Kwakuseshwa, okwaphumela imisebenzi ku izifundo seismological, Geological nezinye. Ososayensi futhi zatholakala e-Antarctica kukhona ezifakwa ezinkulu zamalahle.

iziteshi ucwaningo

Eminyakeni 40-50 kuleli zwekazi ezineqhwa sebeqala udale isiteshi ucwaningo futhi base Coastal Research. Phakathi nale nkathi kwaba iziteshi mayelana 60 based ezikubhizinisi angu-11.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-'50s ezilwandle ezihlanza ezwekazini, ngenkuthalo kokuqhuba umsebenzi wasolwandle, eyenziwa survey Geophysical phezu iziteshi umile Continental, olwenziwa uhambo maphakathi nezwe. Ngo-1959 kwathiwa wasayina isivumelwano samazwe se-Antarctica, okuyinto eye yaba nomthelela cwaningo zaleli zwekazi ice. Ngo-1965 kwavulwa khona "Mirny" Observatory Soviet. At ibanga 1400 km ukusuka ogwini yasungulwa enye esiteshini ucwaningo USSR - "East". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "kuyi-Komsomolskaya" lokususa 88.3 C, kanti isilinganiso Agasti lokushisa kule ndawo lokususa 71 C. kwesikhathi Antarctica eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Soviet agcwaliswa iziteshi eziningana - ukuthi irekhodi lokushisa ongaphakeme lwalotshwa indawo esiteshini , "Leningrad", "Youth." Manje, esigxotsheni enomoya ngonyaka wathumela mikhankaso ahlukahlukene.

Izimpawu nezwekazi

izwekazi enomoya amanga ngokuphelele isifunda esiseningizimu, ubizwa ngokuthi Antarctic (kusuka esiGrekini "anti" lisho ukuthi "ngokumelene"), okungukuthi, kuphambene endaweni kakhulu enyakatho Zomhlaba - Arctic.

Yikuphi izwekazi has izixhumanisi? Leli zwekazi eseningizimu uku degrees 48-60 Yu.Sh. endaweni yayo nge izingqimba zeqhwa - 13 975 000 square metres. m. SIZE indawo nge engajulile yezwekazi 16.355 sq. m. M. kakhulu enyakatho ithiphu - Cape Sifre, yinde kakhulu futhi ayibanzi, elula kusukela isiqondiso yeNingizimu Melika.

ezwekazini Centre evamile wabiza "isigxobo ka inaccessibility", itholakala cishe 660 km ukusuka eSouth Pole. Ubude ugu -. 30 thous Km.

impumuzo

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda nezwekazi abandayo kabanzi. Leli zwekazi eseningizimu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: impande kanye ice. Asemaqaqasini Antarctica elalihlala ithafa glacial ukuthi isuka emaphethelweni ezwekazini kule flat, bese endaweni eyehlelayo ngobumnene inamagquma. nzima nakakhulu isimo sezwe nezinezimo ugu: kukhona izindawo enye yiqhwa elimboze ne imifantu futhi emathafeni enkulukazi izingqimba zeqhwa lapho ungabona ofeleba ice. Antarctica - akusiyo kuphela nezwekazi kakhulu eningizimu omhlaba, kodwa futhi aphakeme. Ukuphakama isilinganiso ebusweni - 2040 m, okuyinto cishe ngokuphindwe kathathu uma liqhathaniswa ukuphakama isilinganiso nakwamanye amazwekazi.

Umehluko sendawo ebonwe ingxenye eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga zaleli zwekazi. East Antarctica - kungcono ice ishidi, okuyinto sivame ukukhuphuka ngokungumqansa ukusuka ogwini futhi maphakathi nezwe kuba plain. Isifunda esimaphakathi ekhuphukelayo ukufinyelela 4000 m, kubhekwa ukuhlukana ice. ENtshonalanga Antarctica emithathu glaciation isikhungo nge ekuphakameni ayizinkulungwane 2.5. Amamitha. Ngasogwini welula ethafeni izingqimba zeqhwa. Kunezintaba eziphakeme kunazo zonke: Kerpatrik (4530 m) kanye iSentinel (5140 m).

amaminerali

Ufuna ukufunda olunye ulwazi mayelana ezwekazini? Leli zwekazi eseningizimu amumethe idiphozithi yanoma nsimbi, amalahle, graphite, idwala crystal, igolide, i-uranium, ithusi, mica, esiliva. Nokho, ukuze afeze imisebenzi yezimayini kunzima ngenxa enamandla ice ishidi. Kodwa noma kunjalo Antarctic amathemba kugcwele ziphezulu kakhulu.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu ezibandayo izwekazi polar kanye nasemazweni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ebusuku polar e-Antarctica eqhubeka izinyanga eziningana, umthamo yonyaka ingqikithi emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni cishe ilingane imingcele emisebeni ezonini enkabazwe.

Kuyini nezwekazi eseningizimu, thina atholakala. Kodwa naphezu kwayo Nenkabazwe eningizimu, kulapha lapho kukhona isigxobo abandayo planethi. Ngo-1960, "Vostok" esiteshini sabhalwa lokushisa - 88,3 C. Isilinganiso lokushisa ebusika - kusukela - 60 C - 70 C, ehlobo - kusuka -30 C -50 C. Eduze thermometer ugu aliphumi ngenhla 10-12 degrees. Ebusika ogwini imayelana - 8 C. abandayo emoyeni uquqaba tibheke ezindaweni ezimaphakathi Antarctica, ukudala katabatic imimoya, okuyizinto ngasogwini ukufinyelela isivinini eliphezulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile baze jikisa isiphepho. Inzika kwenzeka kuyaqabukela kuphela ngesimo iqhwa. Umswakama - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-5%.

Yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene

It wafakazela ukuthi eminyakeni eminingi edlule kule izwekazi kwakungelona ebusika okuphakade. Kwaba efudumele, futhi imifula kanye namachibi, hhayi kwi freezer. Nokho, manje, izimila nezilwane kulesi sifunda ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo Antarctica - ulele, ulwelwe oluluhlaza kanye wona. Izilwane lapha atholakala izinambuzane ezinamaphiko, ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti, ezincelisayo eliwumhlaba. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, penguins yokwakha isidleke, skuas, petrels, futhi bahlala kolwandle lwezimpawu ingwe nezimpawu.

i-Ningizimu Melika

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi i-Ningizimu Melika - ezwekazini eningizimu, khona-ke kukhona okungalungile. Itholakala Southern futhi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Leli zwekazi ixhunywe eNyakatho neMelika ngu Isthmus of Panama, ngasempumalanga ngu-Atlantic Ocean futhi ukuya ngasentshonalanga - Pacific. endaweni yayo - abayizigidi ezingu 17,8 square metres. km. (Leli zwekazi lesine ngobukhulu). It ithatha 13% womhlaba. Ubude eNingizimu neMelika ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu - 7350 km, kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - mayelana 4900 km.

Leli zwekazi sehlukaniswe 6 izindawo zokuma kwezwe:

  1. Andes entabeni uhlelo (siphela ubude lonke ugu olusentshonalanga).
  2. ezinkangala Brazilian futhi Guiana
  3. Pool Orinoco (ingxenye ephansi phakathi Guiana ithafa futhi waseVenezuela Andes).
  4. elisezansi Amazon (elisukela elaliphansi kwamagquma Andes ukuba Atlantic Ocean).
  5. Emathafeni Paraguay, Bolivia futhi Pampa Chaco.
  6. Patagonia ithafa.

Umuzi esikhulu nesinabantu abaningi kunazo e eNingizimu neMelika: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

izwekazi esidlule

Uyini nezwekazi eliseningizimu isikhathi eside elwela inkululeko yabo? Ekhulwini le-16, i-Ningizimu Melika u ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe abaseSpain. AmaDashi, amaPutukezi, i-British babe matasa kakhulu kuphela enyakatho-mpumalanga. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, share sengonyama zaleli zwekazi kwaba njengendawo yayo ephesheya kwezilwandle of the Empire, iSpanishi. Sokuvunyelwa protectorate Spanish kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ngenxa impi olunegazi sokuzibusa. Ngo zinhlanga eNingizimu neMelika siyinhlanganisela yomphakathi wamaNdiya, abaseSpain, nezinye izizwe zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.

Iningi lithi zitholakala ezwekazini, zinezikhathi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ababuthakathaka. Nokho, ezinye zazo abaqashelwa amandla zezimboni onamandla.

Australia

South Mainland Australia imayelana 5% we kobuso bomhlaba. Njengo-Antarctica, kuba ngokuphelele eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Ivame ukubizwa "izwekazi oluhlaza". Area ezwekazini - 7.659.861 sq. km. Ibanga ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu - 3700 km, futhi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - mayelana 4000 km. Ugu - 35 877 km. Ugu olumangelengele nezwekazi kunalokho engalingani. Izindawo ezimangelengele kakhulu - oluseningizimu ye nasenyakatho.

Australia ubizwa wageza yi Oceans Indian nasePacific Ocean, kanye nolwandle ngokuqiniseka okukhulu: Tasman, Coral futhi Timor. Budebuduze ezwekazini kuyinto esiqhingini Tasmania, kanye Isiqhingi saseNew Guinea. Ngezinye ogwini olusempumalanga is a unique Great Barrier Reef (yokhalo izixhobo zama-coral naseziqhingini, nobude bawo 2300 km). Phakathi ogwini wase-Australia Barrier Reef ingeyesibili okubizwa ngokuthi Big Lagoon, nge 100 m ukujula, it is kahle bavikelwe amagagasi olwandle.

sezulu

Manje ake sibheke isimo sezulu amazwekazi eningizimu, futhi kwezehlakalo Australia. Cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine insimu yalo kuhlala ezingwadule futhi semi ezingwadule. Northern izindawo ezindaweni ezishisayo, engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga sezulu eMedithera, futhi eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi esiqhingini Tasmania - a ngokulinganisela.

Yini esinayo? Lapha ukuphela? Kuyini nezwekazi eningizimu? Manje ungakwazi kugcwale umlomo ukuthi kuyabanda futhi Antarctica ongenakusondela kuko. E-Australia, futhi, ngokuphelele eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, kodwa ibanga kusuka nezwekazi ezwekazini ezineqhwa amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana.

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