Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo: iziqondiso

Kasibili zonke izinto kuphela iphrojekthi kakade lakhiwa noma kuyakhiwa, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili, izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo. Buildings ngokuthi phansi isakhiwo, okuyinto iyisonto amakamelo ukuqeqeshwa, ukuzijabulisa, umsebenzi, kanye nokunye. Ngu izakhiwo zibekwa izakhiwo lobuchwepheshe: amabhuloho, amapayipi, amapayipi kawoyela, amadamu kanye nabanye. Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo has a lot of umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama.

izakhiwo zezimboni

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, isakhiwo is zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili ayinhloko - civil nezezimboni. Ngu umkhakha zihlanganisa:

• yokukhiqiza;
• nemfuyo;
• amandla;
• Warehousing;
• Umbuso indawo.

izakhiwo Civil zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - zokuhlala kanye umphakathi.

izakhiwo zokuhlala

Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi lapha zibekwa izakhiwo ezifanele ukuze uhlalwe abantu, okuyilezi:

• emafulethini;
• zokulala;
• amahhotela;
• boarding;
• makhaya.

izakhiwo zomphakathi

• zokuqeqesha;
• izakhiwo ehhovisi;
• izindawo nezindawo nokuvuselelwa yezokwelapha;
• izindawo zemidlalo;
• amakilabhu, zokudlela kanye nokunye;
• ukuyothenga izindawo, ukudla kanye umthengi nezinsiza zomphakathi;
• ezokuthutha;
• izindlu kanye nezinsizakalo ohlanganyelwe;
• izakhiwo Amatebhe kanye izakhiwo.

Kukhona ngezigaba kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka. Izici kwesakhiwo edingekayo siyithola ngosizo izinkomba lobuchwepheshe, ngokusebenzisa kwawo kulawulwa ekwakheni amakhodi (SNIP). Lo mbhalo isebenzisa ezihlukahlukene Ukwahlukaniswa izakhiwo ngohlobo. Ukubuyekeza Eminye ukhiye.

zinhlobo ngezigaba

1. Isibalo storeys. Lapho ibizwa esungula eziningi zisuke: zasemoyeni, yezobuchwepheshe, elisophahleni, phansi (nge amalunga isakhiwo phezulu ibekwe ngenhla phakathi zokuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba uphawu hhayi ngaphansi kuka 2 amamitha).

• inombolo encane izibuya - ukuphakama izakhiwo up 2 emabhilidini;
• Inani eliyisilinganiso storeys - 3 kuya 5 emabhilidini;
• kwenani labafana storeys - 6 kuya ku-9 emabhilidini;
• ezinezitezi eziningi - kusuka 10 kuya 25 emabhilidini;
• High-liphumele izakhiwo - kusuka 26 emabhilidini ngenhla.

2. Ngesikhathi impahla kusukela lapho izindonga zenziwa:

• Stone (akhiwe ngezitini noma ngamatshe yemvelo);
• ukhonkolo (itshe ezingezona ezemvelo, izitini zikakhonkolo, ezibuye);
• aphathekako;
• insimbi;
• isihlahla.

3. Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo ngokwendlela indlela emncane:

• izingxenye ezincane obujwayelekile (lokhu izakhi ezakhayo zezakhiwo, okuyinto sishukumiseleka nasesakhiweni usebenzisa umshini encane noma ngesandla);
• izingxenye ezinkulu obujwayelekile (ukufakwa salezi zici usebenzisa Cranes omkhulu futhi imishini);
• Monolithic (kusengaphambili wenza mix ukhonkolo afakwe isikhunta ngqo esakhiweni, lapho kukhona solidification yayo).

4. Ukuvikeleka:

• Mina - kwesikhathi wokusebenza iminyaka engu-100;
• II - kusuka 50 kuya eminyakeni engu-100;
• III - kusuka 50 kuya eminyakeni engu-20;
• IV - kuze kube iminyaka engu-20 (izakhiwo zesikhashana).

5. ku-dolobha:

• ekilasini 1st - isakhiwo, ukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezimfuno anda. Izakhiwo main edolobheni nge isikhathi presumptive wokusebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 (iziteshi, iminyuziyamu yeshashalazi, zamasiko). Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele obalulekile esizweni nge esaphila neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 (LikaKristu UMsindisi Cathedral, ezibiyele Isigodlo congresses , nokunye. D.).
• Ibanga 2 - isakhiwo, bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo isilinganiso. ukwakhiwa Massive, okuyinto isisekelo yentuthuko edolobheni, ne isikhathi presumptive wokusebenza zeminyaka ezingeqile kwezingama-50 (izakhiwo ihhovisi, amahhotela, multi-storey izakhiwo zokuhlala).
• ekilasini Okwesithathu - isakhiwo ingabhekana nezidingo naphakathi begodu encishisiwe (izakhiwo engasindi nge aphansi operation dolobha isikhathi presumptive ka engu-25 kuya ku-50).
• grade 4 - isakhiwo kanye nezidingo.

Kuye ekilasini abakhethiwe isakhiwo nezinto zokwakha. Ukuze ephezulu ukufaka ka slabs refractory eqinile kanye nesikhathi-neshaya izinto labo abazokwazi ukuhlinzeka ukusetshenziswa serviceable futhi yesikhathi eside ngaphandle yesondlo njalo.

Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka umlilo ingozi

Zonke izakhiwo ngomlilo ingozi zihlukaniswe amakilasi. Lesi sigaba lincike ohlotsheni lwesicelo lesi sakhiwo nendlela ukuphepha izakhamuzi uma kunengozi yomlilo engaphansi usongo. Ucabangela engu, isimo bokuphila, ematfuba kokuba esimeni sokulala, uhlobo eziyisisekelo isakhiwo tekusebentisa ngamandla alo.

Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka:

• F1 - isakhiwo achazwe ukuhlala isikhashana izakhamuzi (izifundo, umsebenzi, amahhotela, catering, njll) kanye zokuhlala unomphela.
• F2 - isikhala nemisebenzi yamasiko.
• F3 - isakhiwo ibhizinisi kumasevisi zezakhamizi (izitolo, catering, eziteshini zesitimela, izibhedlela, iposi, amabhange, njll).
• F4 - kwezakhiwo okuhloswe ngocwaningo lwesayensi, izikhungo zemfundo, Izilawuli isakhiwo, umnyango umlilo.
• F5 - emagcekeni kanye nezindawo injongo ezimbonini noma agcine, zomlando. Ukukhiqiza kanye agcine izindawo, kuhlanganise laboratories workshop e izakhiwo amakilasi F1, F2, F3 futhi F4, F5 zibekwa ekilasini.

ngezigaba ebaluleke kakhulu kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka. Basic ukuphepha umlilo amalungiselelo zisebenza nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi uma kunengozi yomlilo.

Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka umlilo ukumelana

Ikhwalithi ukwakhiwa kubangelwa ukugqagqana ukumelana kwabo umlilo, by okuqondwe isikhathi ngemva kwalokho uma umlilo kukhona omunye izinkomba ezintathu:

• obvalivanie kuyendlulela;
• ukubukeka ophahleni emifantwini noma izimbobo (omlilo amagesi faka amakamelo eduze) ;
• Ukushisa we setshe okushisa ukuthi avuse amandla omlilo okuzenzakalelayo izinto emagumbini eduze (140-220S).

Ikhono yokwakha izibuya libhekene isilinganiso umlilo ukumelana. Izinhlobo umlilo ukumelana izakhiwo:

• Mina - nezakhiwo itshe (engangenwa umlilo).
• II - nezakhiwo itshe (nonflammable futhi nonflammable).
• III - nezakhiwo itshe (nonflammable, nonflammable futhi oluvuthayo).
• IV - lemva ne izinkuni.
• V - ne izinkuni lemva.

umngcele umlilo:

• izitini Ceramic - 5 h;
• isitini silicate - 5 h;
• setshe ukhonkolo - 4 amahora (eqhekeza kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona lichaza ekwakheni emanzini ukuze 8%);
• zokhuni enamathela usimende - 1 h 15 imiz;
• yensimbi isakhiwo - imizuzu 20 (1100-1200S - metal iba ductile);
• isicabha is phansi Flame ukwelashwa cishe yizona ezisetshenziswa - 1 ihora.

ukhonkolo ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, isitini eziyize abe umlilo ukumelana. Ubuncane ukumelana umlilo embundwini asambulile ukufakwa okusansimbi esiphezulu - kwagcizelela ukhonkolo.