Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo: izinhlobo ukungcola kanye nencazelo yabo

Kuzo zonke izigaba ukuthuthukiswa muntu wayeyigqolozele ahlobene eduze nemvelo. Kodwa njengoba ukuvela kumiswa umphakathi zezimboni uya eba nenkinga yokungcola ezweni lanamuhla.

Izinhlobo zalesi sithako asethinteke kuhluka amandla kanye nomthelela wakhona ingozi esiphelweni emoyeni, kanye element amanzi nge inhlabathi.

azifele

Zimbili izinhlobo ekushayweni emkhathini - yemvelo kanye yabantu. Ezinjalo izinhlobo zako ezisemqoka. Ukungcoliswa imvelo, ogama uhlelo aboniswe ngezansi - inkinga ebalulekile ukuxazulula.

Uhlobo lokuqala akuhlangene nomsebenzi womuntu kanye okwenzeka ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile yemvelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlobo ukungcola yenzeka esikhathini eside ngaphambi uhlanga lwesintu waqala, ngakho imvelo nge enjalo "ukugqwala" umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuvela esesibekiwe izinhlekelele zemvelo (iziphepho, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, ukusha kwamahlathi, noqhekeko of izitshalo nezilwane ezifile). ukungcola Natural abhekwe njengendoda ukungcoliswa begazi imvelo. Izinhlobo lolu hlobo ukungcola zihlanganisa, okokuqala kunakho konke, imikhiqizo yemvelo ukuphila.

ukungcola Yemvelo ingacaciswa izibonelo ezilandelayo:

- Death Valley. Phansi le ntaba-mlilo Kikhpinych (eKamchatka) kwelula esigodini, okuyinto ugcwele amagesi ezintaba-mlilo-hydrogen sulfide. Esikhathini engekho emoyeni ngaphezu komhlaba igesi aqoqana, abulala wonke izilwane nezinyoni awela le ndawo lokho. Ososayensi abathintekayo ekuhloleni Ukufa Valley, hhayi kuphela ukufunda lesi simanga, kodwa futhi uhlanze indawo kusukela izidumbu. Lokhu kuyadingeka ngenxa yokuthi esigodini ongafikanga scavengers, engalimaza hhayi kuphela baphile izilwane, kodwa futhi basakaze ukutheleleka kusuka efile. Ngakho, lolu hlobo ukungcola has a izinhlamvu ngokwanele okukhazimula izinhlobo ezifanayo ukungcoliswa kwemvelo imvelo.

- "red tide." Uma uyikha phezulu le kolwandle ukwakha enamathela of brown umbala igazi efana kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa wokusakazeka uhlobo oluthile ulwelwe, ngemvelo yabo anobuthi kakhulu. ezinobuthi ufake eziwukudla ku eziphila olwandle, okwenza die esidlule.

Kukhona amacala lapho amatilosi lwemikhumbi odlulayo ezindaweni ethola ubuthi eziqine, sidle ukudla sabanjwa "anobuthi" inhlanzi phansi noma-shellfish. Abacwaningi attribute ukubukeka ulwelwe enobuthi nge yenqwaba chemical komoya ngenxa amanzi olwandle.

imithombo yabantu

Gcwalisa isikhala yemvelo izinto eziyingozi kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile, njengoba akugcini noqhekeko noma imililo obangelwa abantu. Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kule ndaba, kungaba kanje:

- aerosol;

- ngentuthu (inkungu photochemical);

- ubuthi bemisebe;

- nokungcoliswa kwamanzi wezinto;

- organic;

- zinhlobo Heat;

- ukungcoliswa emhlabathini;

- ukugcwaliswa zinambuzane;

- acid imvula (ngenxa ukusebenzisana umjikelezo wamanzi).

Zonke yalezi zindlela - izinhlobo zokungcola elenziwe ngumuntu kuyinto zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu.

aerosol kwekhabhoni

Isibhakabhaka for ukusebenza isintu nenqwaba ukungcola ukuthi ingashiwo uthuli zobuchwepheshe. Lubonakaliswa ngendlela inkungu, haze noma intuthu ezivamile. Esikhathini omlilo of izinto ezithile emsebenzini wokukhiqiza intuthu ezinobuthi futhi kwakheka izakhi ezibanga umdlavuza adedelwa imvelo.

Imithombo eyinhloko ukubukeka izinhlanganisela ezenziwa umuntu uthuli steelworks, uwoyela, umule nokunye okunjalo asebenzisa ukwelashwa ezishisayo of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Futhi, izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ukungcoliswa kwemvelo by aerosol zihlanganisa uthuli kwekhabhoni ezinobuthi embonini yezimayini.

Ngo ukwakheka izindunduma yokufakelwa (zokulahla) ka overburden ezimayini Likhipha omningi ukucutshungulwa imiphumela. izinhlayiya Iyingozi adedelwa imvelo ngesikhathi ukuqhumisa.

Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqhumeni amandla isilinganiso esabelwe amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili cubic we-carbon monoxide futhi abangaba ngu-150 amathani uthuli. Phakathi ekucubunguleni izinqubo lulwimi ukwenziwa usimende emoyeni mass naye uvelele amakhemikhali inqubo uthuli.

Aerosol Ungashayela nezinhlobo yokungcola ezokuthutha. Ngenxa yalokho, injini izidakamizwa amandla omlilo (uphethiloli noma diesel) ikhishwe amagesi: i-carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon nitrogen. Isikhathi sokuthola lezi zakhi emkhathini ukuze noqhekeko yabo yemvelo kusuka amahora ambalwa eminyakeni eminingana.

inkungu photochemical

Kungaba kwakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa kwekhabhoni eziyingozi amakhemikhali emkhathini kusukela solar energy ngemisebe. Umphumela ukusabela photochemical nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon kanye nezinye izinto eziyingozi.

ngaleyo ndlela Le nkungu limelela isigaba ukugcwaliswa izinto eziyingozi, aqukethe lezi zinhlobo amakhemikhali ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Chain reaction ukuguqulela nitrogen dioxide ukuba nitrogen monoxide nomoya-mpilo-athomu kufanele kuholele-ozone (kwakwakhe umoya-mpilo emangqamuzaneni-athomu). Basabela kanjani ekhuthaza ngokuvumelana namachibi nitrogen kufanele banike umoya-mpilo yamangqamuzana, futhi ngenxa yalokho, nitrogen dioxide. Nokho, lapho i-ozone ngokushesha ihlangana amagesi qeda emkhathini, okuholela ethile kuhlanganiswe ama-athomu-mpilo kanye nama-molecule.

Le ngxube ihlangana ukungcola emoyeni, amafomu oxidants futhi free radicals ukuthi kukhona isici ngentuthu. Compounds ukuthi umoya ngokoqobo ayegcwele, sinomthelela ongemuhle ngokwedlulele izakhamuzi izinhlelo kwegazi futhi zokuphefumula, okubangela umuntu uyafa.

fallout

Lolu hlobo ukungcola - ayingozi kakhulu esintwini nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Inzika eziqukethe izinhlayiya enemisebe kukhona umswakama asemkhathini nothuli.

I izinhlayiya olusindayo izakhi enemisebe kuthiwa imali ngokushesha phansi, ilula bathambekele lusala umkhathi kwenziwe phezu amabanga sasivumela eside.

Ngenxa umjikelezo wamanzi ngokwemvelo radionucleotides eziqukethwe emoyeni, wawela emhlabathini imvula, iqhwa noma inkungu.

Ngemva contact we womuntu isikhumba kwezulu ama-athomu enemisebe ukungena emzimbeni, uwuchithe kancane kancane kusuka ngaphakathi.

izinhlobo wezinto

Izinhlobo ukungcola imvelo yethuliwe futhi "izindlela." Wezinto

Mayelana nomkhosi wokuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa imboni yamanzi imfucuza ukuwa elakhiwe phakathi imisebenzi nemisebenzi wamabhizinisi phezu yokuvuna ukucutshungulwa ugodo, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma imisebenzi ezimayini, ezimayini, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithuthi.

Ngokwesibonelo, e amanzi angcolile, lapho ke awela umzimba ngamanzi iqukethe semali izinsalela of izinto zokususa amabala. Lezi zici ngokufaka uhlelo ukwelashwa amanzi awekho ekhishiwe zawo abuyela amanzi.

Izinhlobo amakhemikhali angcolise imvelo kuleli cala ezingaphezu anokungcola ukungcola izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi cadmium, i-arsenic, okuhola mercury kanye nezinye izinto ngokulinganayo enobungozi.

Lezi zinto zehlela zithuthumela izakhamuzi ophansi amadamu wakwamukela futhi yadluliselwa ngokumpontshelwa eziwukudla ehleleke kakhulu eziphilayo.

Amakhemikhali angcolisayo ziyashintsha pH emanzini kuze kube seqophelweni lokuba amanzi anjalo abakwazi ukuphila lizalele izilwane zasemanzini.

Nokho, ezingenamgogodla abaningi abahlala element lwamanzi, bakwazi buthelela izakhi enemisebe ubuthi. Yingakho kube inkomba yokuthi yini izinhlobo ezinkulu zokungcoliswa ziye zabangela ukungcola kwamanzi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amanzi unekhono self-ahlanzekile, ngokuqondene hit kuwo inqwaba zamakhemikhali, eziphilayo ukunikeza ukuhlanzwa, abulawe. Ngakho, izindlela ezengeziwe zokwehlukanisa izinhlayiya ayingozi amanzi, kodwa, ngeshwa, lokhu akwanele.

Organic "okungenamsoco"

Izinhlobo ukungcoliswa imvelo ezungeze umuntu futhi zihlanganisa ubuntu babo organic. Lezi zihlanganisa uwoyela, ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi hydrocarbon ayegcwele.

Ephambi kwezinduna amabala amafutha ebusweni izilwane amanzi olwandle futhi izitshalo nezilwane bayabulawa ogwini.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amafutha ukuza mbeni izinhlanzi noma izinyoni zasemanzini, umboza black onsundu ifilimu yabo emihle, futhi ngenxa yalokho ebusweni ovikelekile sinqamukile izimpaphe engokwemvelo izinyoni (noma amazenga enhlanzi).

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafunda kukhishwe le nsiza zemvelo, amafutha iwela phezu kwamanzi. Nokho, ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle, zikhona amagciwane angabonakali elingase ukuguqula "igolide black", zidla kubo. Kancane kancane endaweni ushabalala kwamanzi, amabhaktheriya kukhona ukudla izidalwa ehleleke kakhulu.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo namuhla ekubhujisweni kwemvelo amabala kuyinto omningi namafutha ukuthi batheleka Ukuphahlazeka ngamaloli izingozi noma ezisekelweni. Ama-bacterium awunaso isikhathi ukuyicubungula, futhi ketshezi ezivuthayo ungathola phezu kweminye imizimba yamanzi, esakaza yonkana izilwandle zomhlaba.

ukushisa uhlobo

Kwekhabhoni lokushisa oluyingozi kwamanzi angcolile emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi amandla - lesi sibonelo sibonisa isigaba ezifana izinhlobo zokungcola amandla.

Uma uthi nhlá, ukukhuphuka okuncane nje kwamazinga okushisa amanzi kufanele akulimazi semvelo iyonke. Nokho, inani namadreni futhi ushintsho njalo futhi nokungathembani nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa kule amadamu ketshezi kuholela komkhawulo yokufakelwa exchange amanzi phakathi kwamanzi futhi phansi.

Njengoba kukhona ukuphazamiseka kwegazi, adingekayo ukusebeza kahle phytoplankton kanye ulwelwe, ama-zasemanzini zinhlobo ukuqinisela isakhiwo kuyahlukahluka.

inhlabathi ukungcoliswa

inhlabathi eMhlabeni iyisici esibalulekile we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lokhu igobolondo aqoqana izinto hhayi kuphela organic kodwa amandla. Ukuba khona inhlabathi njengoba element uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli limelela isixhumanisi esisodwa esibalulekile ukusebenza kwawo. Ngakho-ke ukungcola yomhlaba ebusweni by amakhemikhali (organic wezinto), kanye okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi izinto (izibulala-zinambuzane) adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kusuka ososayensi.

zinambuzane ukungcoliswa

Njengoba imithi yokubulala izinambuzane esikhethekile izitshalo zokwelapha okungashiwo Lenza futhi lasebenzisa izinhlelo ngomuntu, kungashiwo ukuthi ukungcoliswa inhlabathi izakhi idatha kungase kubonise izinhlobo zokungcola ngokomzimba.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi leli qembu amakhemikhali iyincenye lebalulekile emkhakheni wezolimo ngenxa emikhulu ukutshala ukudla isitshalo ubuthi enjalo ukumela ingozi enkulu enhlabathini.

Zinambuzane bathambekele buthelela emzimbeni, okuyinto babengabakho, njalo, efana izakhi radioactive, ukubhubhisa impilo yabantu kusuka ngaphakathi, kanye phambili ekufeni microorganism eziningi. Ukuphazamiseka ukugeleza engokwemvelo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yenzeka, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi lokho nokungcoliswa imvelo kwenzeka.

Izinhlobo ukungcola, okungase kwenziwe isibaluli saturation zinambuzane, okubangela Ukungadli futhi, ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Amakhemikhali eziwukudla ukungena emzimbeni womuntu futhi zitholakala hhayi kuphela e izibilini abadala, kodwa futhi izinsana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zanqwabelana ngesikhathi ukuphila zinambuzane angadluliselwa thwi kusuka kumama kuya enganeni.

Kuze kube manje, ukuthuthukisa kanye ukuhlola lezi amakhemikhali ukuthi ngemva ukusetshenziswa, kudingeke ukuba bazibuse, bangabuswa ukubola ku izakhi ayinangozi. Kubalulekile ukugcina oda ukusabela zamakhemikhali, ngaphandle khona catalysts enjalo engase iphazamise ukuphathwa Yiqiniso engokwemvelo noqhekeko izidakamizwa eziyingozi ku aphansi.

nemvula ene-asidi

Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu womuntu ukusebenza oxides of izakhi zamakhemikhali adedelwa emkhathini, elibangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Izinhlobo zalesi sithako kungenziwa evamile kuchazwe njengodoti wasendlini nezezimboni.

I amandla omlilo of izinto ezivuthayo senzelwe angasetshenziswa ekhaya nasezimbonini, kukhona kudingeka kuhlinzekwe isamba sika-nitrogen oxides, isibabule, carbon, futhi kuyi-hydrogen sulfide. Ngu basabela umswakama eziqukethwe ebangelwa umkhathi, Izingxube siguqulelwa acid, okuyinto ke ziwa njengesithwathwa.

Nge usongo anomalies enjalo kudingeka uqaphe kakhulu, ngoba umphumela acid abantu, ngisho lokuhlala encane, kubangela ezishile zamakhemikhali. Coming ngaphansi nemvula ene-asidi, abantu abakwazi kuphela ulahlekelwe ngeminye yemisebenzi bazilungise izinwele zabo noma lokudlela up umnqwazo njengabapristi, kodwa futhi ushisa ubuso noma umzimba wonke.

Acid, falling in ifomu kwezulu, enza umonakalo akusebenzi nje kuphela kubantu kodwa futhi enhlabathini, okungukuthi, kubangele ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Izinhlobo zalesi sithako okuyizinto ezihlobene izici ukuzungeza amanzi Emvelweni, imbangela supersaturation idatha emhlabeni compounds. Umhlabathi ngeke besakwazi wakwazi ukugcina izindawo zemvelo ewusizo. Uma izimila phansi okunjalo kuvela ke eyamukelwayo ukudla, angadala umonakalo kwempilo yabantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi nemvula ene-asidi lingena shí phansi, iwela enhlabathini. Basakaza amakhemikhali olude, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo kungase kulimaze ngisho lezo zindawo ukuthi zitholakala kungaphelele kude izindawo lapho nemvula ene-asidi wawa.

ongcolile nomsindo

Umuntu akakwazi bahlala dú, kanye umsindo kunalokho elikhulu. Lokhu kungalingani siyashintsha ingcindezi intracranial futhi kungaholela ukungasebenzi wonke umzimba.

Ngenxa kulezi zici zokuthambekela kobuntu bungabonakala ongcolile nomsindo imvelo, okuyinto ingabonakali.

Umsindo, okuyinto kuveza izitshalo eziningi, imishini, izitimela, izimoto, izenzo izakhamizi emadolobheni amakhulu, noma abantu kufanele azungeze enjalo impumelelo "ezinomsindo 'lesintu, esibi kakhulu.

Ukuchayeka imisindo efana kuphazamisa ukusebenza engokwemvelo izibilini, imithambo yegazi, nokunye. E., Esikhathini ecaleni okubi kungaholela ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ukufa.

izindlela zokubhekana

Izinhlobo imithombo ukungcola zahlukahlukene ngempela. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi konke kuhlobene nomsebenzi womuntu. Eminye imithombo nilingcolise ngqo emkhathini, enhlabathini noma amanzi nge ezinobuthi, kuyilapho abanye - kuphula Yiqiniso engokwemvelo izenzakalo imvelo kuphela. Kulesi ngokuvamile buthakathaka uhlelo, ikhefu nezinye ukudla kubalulekile uchungechunge, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zenzeka.

eziphilayo izakhi - bangabantu, kwaguqulwa ngokugcwele siqhubeke siphila ezimweni yokungcola eqinile. ukuhlaselwa ngasinye amaseli nge imithi yokubulala izinambuzane washintsha kangaka, ezingase (babe ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo) ukuba simelane nemiphumela ezonakalisayo zezinto anamandla kakhulu.

Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi umhlaba wethu asifanele ukumuncwa "lula" impucuko, ngakho namuhla ayisaxhunyanisiwe isakhiwa izinto ezintsha kumakhemikhali eziyingozi neutralizers yabo.

Izidakamizwa entsha noma lesi silwanyana, amasiko zenzelwe hhayi ukulimaza kuphela, kodwa futhi ukukhuthaza noqhekeko okusheshayo ku izakhi olungalimazi izinto okuyinto kuhlelwa ukuba isetshenziswe.

Sakhalin nokunye okufana nokolweni

Kuthola futhi isebenzisa izindawo zemvelo zezitshalo eziphilayo yobuKhristu emzabalazweni wamalungelo ubumsulwa iplanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, Sakhalin nokunye okufana nokolweni has impahla esihle - kungaba ukuhluma eziqhakaza ezweni elicwile izinsimbi ezisindayo.

Ngokusho imiphumela ucwaningo eziningi, izitshalo ezinjalo kungaba unyaka ongu-1 kuphela "thatha" kusuka phansi kuyaphezulu 1 kg cadmium, 24 kg phambili futhi 322 kg zinc. A ukuhlolwa omunye amabanga lezempi, lapho izikhali zamakhemikhali yavivinywa, wabonisa ukuthi emva kweminyaka 2 emva kokutshala nokunye okufana nokolweni enhlabathini phansi kwakungasekho lutho.