Umbuso-Asiriya kanye nomlando wayo

Lo mbuso kuqala zezwe lasendulo kwakune-Asiriya. Lesi simo owawukhona emephini emhlabeni cishe 2000 eminyakeni - kusukela XXIV ukuba VII ekhulwini BC futhi mayelana 609 BC. e. ababange besaba khona. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Asiriya, etholakale abalobi basendulo ezifana uHerodotus, u-Aristotle nabanye. Futhi umbuso lomAsiriya ezishiwo abanye izincwadi zeBhayibheli.

geography

umbuso-Asiriya ubekade sifinyelela engenhla oMfula iTigrisi, futhi osuka sifinyelela engezansi Zab Lesser eningizimu ezintabeni ezintabeni ezisempumalanga nasezingxenyeni Zagras Masios ntshonalanga. Ngo izinkathi ezahlukene khona, kwathiwa esisogwini emazweni kwamazwe anamuhla, ezifana Iran, e-Iraq, Jordan, Israyeli, Palestine, Turkey, eSiriya, eKhupro neGibhithe.

umlando okwase kuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa kahle hhayi omunye dolobha yombuso yase-Asiriya:

1. Ashur (inhloko-dolobha yokuqala, ingamakhilomitha angu-250 ukusuka eBaghdad yesimanje).
2. Ekallatum (inhlokodolobha eMesophothamiya engenhla kwaba ngokuhamba phakathi Tiger).
3. ENineve (etholakala-Iraq yanamuhla).

nezikhathi zomlando yentuthuko

Njengoba indaba zombuso-Asiriya uthatha kakhulu isikhathi, ngenkathi khona kwalo evamile ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu:

• isikhathi Staroassiriysky - XX -XVI ekhulwini BC.
• Sredneassiriysky isikhathi - xv-XI leminyaka BC.
• Neo--Asiriya Empire - X-VII ekhulwini BC.

Ngamunye esikhathini libhekene inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle umbuso, iziphathimandla zaziba mithi kusuka amakhosi ezahlukene, inkathi ngayinye elandelayo waqala ukuvelela isimo elichumayo yase-Asiriya, ushintsho kanye ushintsho isimo sendawo inqubomgomo angaphandle umbuso sika orientation.

isikhathi Staroassiriysky

Abase-Asiriya weza ensimini yoMfula i-Ewufrathe phakathi kwekhulu XX. BC. e., wathi izizwe ngolimi Akkad. Okokuqala nguye owakha lo muzi kwase-Asiriya u ogama lakhe behlonipha unkulunkulu wabo ophakeme.

Phakathi nale nkathi, kodwa kwakungekho isimo esisodwa yase-Asiriya, + ngakho kakhulu Nome waba Ashur sinakho, owayeyilungu umbuso ngaphansi kwesizwe ka Mitanni futhi Kassite eBhabhulona. Kulinganiswe ngo ingakanani inkululeko ngo yangaphakathi izindaba zokuhlala. Ngu Ashshurskomu Nome zihlanganisa imiphakathi eminingana amancane asemaphandleni eholwa abadala. Leli dolobha lakhula ngokushesha sibonga isikhundla evumayo ezindawo: kungenca imizila yezohwebo kusukela eningizimu, empumalanga nasentshonalanga.

Khuluma mayelana isinqumo kule nkathi, le nkosi kungamukelwa, njengoba ababusi kwadingeka umnyuziki isici amalungelo zombusazwe abathwali lokhu isimo. Le nkathi emlandweni Asiriya ahlukanisa-mlando ngokuqhubekayo njengenkathi prequel for the lula umbuso wase-Asiriya. Kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa Akkad ku BC XXII ekhulwini Ashur kwaba ingxenye yaso, kodwa ngemva ukunyamalala kwakhe uzibuse isikhathi esifushane, futhi kuphela BC xxi leminyaka. e. Uri lathunjwa. Kuphela emva kweminyaka 200 amandla sekuqalile ukuba ababusi - ashshurtsam, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqala nokukhula ngokushesha ukukhiqiza ukuhweba kanye lezimpahla. Nokho, sikhundla phakathi isimo akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-100 u-Ashur ilahlekelwa ukubaluleka yayo ezimaphakathi nedolobha, futhi iba umbusi enye yamadodana umbusi Shamsht-Adad. Ngokushesha umuzi ngaphansi kwegunya lenkosi yaseBhabhiloni, uHammurabi, futhi mayelana 1720 kuphela BC. e. Iqala a izimbali kancane kancane geqe-Asiriya.

isikhathi sesibili

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XIV ababusi BC Asiriya asemthethweni kakade okukhulunywe amakhosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kubhekisela kulokho UFaro waseGibhithe, bathi, "Umfowethu." Phakathi nale nkathi, kukhona ikoloni asebenzayo lempi ezweni: wenza zithi ku umHeti isimo, zahlasela eBabele, edolobheni eFenike neSiriya, futhi 1290-1260 biennium. BC. e. uphela design indawo yoMbuso wase-Asiriya.

A kwemizwa emisha izimpi ekunqotshweni abase-Asiriya laqala ngesikhathi kubusa uThigilati-Phileseri, owakwazi wasithatha nenyakatho Siriya, eFenike, nase-Asia Minor, eqinisweni, inkosi izikhathi eziningana ngaphandle on shumbi eMediterranean Sea, ukukhombisa bokuphakama yayo phezu kwezwe laseGibithe. Ngemva kokufa a enqoba ukwehla nkosi iqala isimo, nawo wonke amakhosi abone okwalandela ayisakwazi silondoloze izindawo ngaphambili matasa kuwo. umbuso-Asiriya waxoshwa emazweni zawo zendabuko. Document isikhathi XI-X eminyaka BC. e. Liye lalondolozwa, okhombisa ukwehla.

Neo--Asiriya Empire

A esigabeni esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni Asiriya laqala ngemva Asiriya ephethwe balahle izizwe zakwa nesiAramu wafika endaweni yawo. Lokho isimo wadala kule nkathi, ubhekwa umbuso kuqala emlandweni wesintu. Inkinga eside zombuso-Asiriya kuhlulekile ukuyeka amakhosi Adad-nirari II futhi Adid- nirari III (kwaba nonina Semiramis tie ukhona omunye 7 Izimangaliso the World - the izingadi ezisezindaweni eziphakeme). Ngeshwa, ezintathu inkosi olandelayo akakwazanga ukumelana amagalelo ka isitha esivela ngaphandle - umbuso URARTU, futhi baqhuba inqubomgomo futhi bengafundile yasekhaya, okuyinto buthaka kakhulu isimo.

Asiriya Tiglapalasare III

Lokhu kuyanda umbuso waqala ngenkathi yinkosi Tiglapalasara III. Ukuba namandla eminyakeni 745-727. BC. e., wakwazi ukuthatha emazweni eFenike ePalestina, eSyria eDamaseku umbuso kwakuphakathi nokubusa kwakhe kweminyaka eminingi zinqobe isimo URARTU yaxazululwa.

Inhlanhla ku inqubomgomo angaphandle ngenxa ukuqhuba yezinguquko kwezombangazwe zangaphakathi. Ngakho, inkosi yaqala ukususwa ngenkani yezakhamuzi zawo ezweni emazweni ehlasela, kanye nemindeni kanye nempahla yabo, okuyinto kwaholela ngayo ekusakazekeni Aramu kulo i-Asiriya. Inkosi yanquma inkinga ka separatism kuleli zwe, uhlukanisa endaweni enkulu ku abaningi ephethwe elincane nababusi, akakuvumeli, ngaleyo ndlela, ukuvela amakhosi amasha. Futhi, inkosi wasiphakamisa kabusha yebutho: yezisebenzi zokuzithandela eziningi futhi bamakoloni lempi, kwaba ihlelwe kabusha zibe uchwepheshe ukuma ibutho, uthola iholo kusukela yengcebo, kwangena izinhlobo ezintsha amabutho - abakhwele amahhashi njalo futhi ukulwa onjiniyela, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa inhlangano yezobunhloli nokuxhumana.

umkhankaso ngempumelelo lempi uThigilati-Phileseri uvunyelwe ukudala umbuso ayesuka Gulf luya eMedithera, futhi ngisho kokubekwa njengeNkosi inkosi yaseBhabhiloni - Pula.

URARTU - Empire (Transcaucasia), lapho ahlaselayo ababusi-Asiriya

Umbuso URARTU wawusempumalanga indawo yasethafeni Armenia futhi ngimatasa insimu ka-Armenia yesimanje, empumalanga yeTurkey, enyakatho-ntshonalanga Iran kanye Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla isimo kwaba sekupheleni IX - maphakathi nekhulu VIII BC, URARTU ukwehla kakhulu nomthelela ukulwa naye umbuso yase-Asiriya.

Ngemva kokuthola lo sobukhosi ngemva kokufa kukayise, kweNkosi uThigilati-Phileseri III wafuna ukuba baphindele ukulawula isimo phezu imizila yezohwebo ye-Asia Minor. Ngo 735 BC. e. e impi ewumnqamula-juqu eMfuleni i-Ewufrathe yomfula yase-Asiriya bakwazi ukuphula ibutho URARTU bese ukuhambisa embusweni. Monarch URARTU Sarduri eyaphunyuka washona esanda kufika, ukuba lo mthetho esidabukisayo. Esikhundleni sakhe, Rusa ngakwazi ukusungula kuthula zesikhashana kanye ne-Asiriya, lapho lwephuka ngokushesha inkosi yase-Asiriya uSarigoni II.

Ukusebenzisa yokuthi URARTU waba buthaka ukunqotshwa by, etholwe ezizweni zakwa Cimmerian, uSarigoni II ngo 714 BC. e. ibutho Urartian ibhujisiwe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, URARTU nemibuso yalo engaphansi yayikade ibuswa Asiriya. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, URARTU walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo enkundleni yomhlaba.

Inqubomgomo amakhosi zokugcina-Asiriya

Indlalifa uThigilati-phileseri III ayikwazanga ubambe ezandleni zabo umbuso eyasungulwa eyandulela wakhe, futhi ngesikhathi eBhabhiloni imemezele ukuzimela kwayo. Inkosi esilandelayo, uSarigoni II, e inqubomgomo angaphandle akugcini kuphela ukubamba umbuso URARTU, yena wakwazi ukuphinde alungise ukulawula yaseBhabhiloni, i-Asiriya futhi wagcotshwa njengoba inkosi yaseBhabhiloni, futhi waphumelela e abacindezela zonke nokuvukela ezenzeka endaweni ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso.

Ukubusa uSaneheribi (705-680 GG. BC. E.) Libhekene ngu ngxabano njalo abapristi kwenkosi izakhamuzi. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, yangaphambili inkosi yaseBhabhiloni, wazama ivuselele kwegunya layo, uye waholela yokuthi uSaneheribi ngonya ajeziswe abaseBhabhiloni futhi labhujiswa ngokuphelele eBhabhiloni. Ukunganeliseki ngezinhlelo inqubomgomo yenkosi kwaholela ekubeni buthakathaka isimo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuqubuka wavukela, ezinye izifunda ngasibuyisela ukuzimela, futhi URARTU ngasibuyisela kwezinye izindawo. Le nqubomgomo kwaholela lokubulala inkosi.

Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, watshaya inkosi UEsarihadoni indlalifa lokuqala bonke bangenela sokubuyiselwa yaseBhabhiloni yekusungulwa kwebudlelwane kanye nabapristi. Ngokuphathelene inqubomgomo angaphandle, inkosi ephethwe dudula ayehlasela Cimmerians antiassiriyskie ukucindezela ukuvukela eFenike futhi benze umkhankaso ophumelele eGibhithe, okuholele ekutheni ukuthunjwa Memphis futhi ummango beya isihlalo sobukhosi saseGibhithe, kodwa ukuze sigcine lokhu kunqoba inkosi kuhlulekile ngenxa ukufa ezingalindelekile.

I last inkosi yase-Asiriya

Inkosi yokugcina eqinile yeAsiriya kwaba-Ashurbanipal, eyaziwa ngokuthi onolwazi umbusi komAsiriya isimo. Nguye esigodlweni sakhe baqoqa umtapo esiyingqayizivele Izibhebhe zobumba. phakathi nokubusa kwakhe elinesimo kuyimpi ne ngaphansi kwesizwe States abafisa siphinde sikwazi ukuzimela. Asiriya kule nkathi ilwa umbuso ka-Elamu, okwaholela ukunqotshwa okuphelele lakamuva. Gibhithe neyaseBhabhiloni ngabe siphinde sikwazi ukuzimela, kodwa abazange baphumelele ngenxa izingxabano eziningi. Ashshurbanipalu wakwazi ukwandisa ithonya lawo e linguLidiya, Media, naseFrigiya, akuqede eThebes.

Ukufa zombuso-Asiriya

Ukufa Assurbanipal kwaphawula ukuqala Nezinkinga. wahlulwa Asiriya ngo umbuso amaMede yiBhabheli ukuzimela. Amabutho united yamaMede kanye nabangani babo e 612 BC. e. INineve - umuzi omkhulu embusweni-Asiriya labhujiswa. Ngo 605 BC. e. eKharikemishi uNebukhadinezari yaseBhabhiloni eyamhlula indlalifa wokugcina amayunithi lempi yase-Asiriya, + ngakho ukuthi uMbuso Wase-Asiriya labhujiswa.

Nokubaluleka okungokomlando kuka-Asiriya

umbuso sidilizwa-Asiriya uyasala yingcebo izikhumbuzo zamasiko nezomlando. Kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, eziningi bas-imifanekiso nge izigcawu kusukela ukuphila yamakhosi lezikhulu,-imitha eziyisithupha ukubaza wonkulunkulu ezinamaphiko, izitsha zobumba eziningi nezinto zokuhloba.

A umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi mayelana izwe lasendulo okwenziwe Kutholwe umtapo amaphilisi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu ubumba yinkosi Ashurbanipal, kwaphela lapho ulwazi imithi, ukufunda izinkanyezi, futhi ubunjiniyela baye baqoqa, futhi kuze ngisho kubhekiselwe kuzo KuZamcolo Omkhulu.

Ezingeni eliphezulu ubunjiniyela kwaba --Asiriya Sakwazi ukwakha umsele, umsele kanye emanzini 13 ububanzi futhi 3000 metres ubude.

Abase-Asiriya bakwazi ukwakha omunye wamabutho ukuwedlula wonke ngaleso sikhathi wakhe, ayehlome base izinqola, izinja iziqukathi, umkhonto amasosha ukulwa esetshenzisiwe oqeqeshiwe, ibutho enakho.

Ngemuva kokuwa isimo-Asiriya waba indlalifa impumelelo eminyaka ubudala yaseBhabhiloni.