Inhloko-dolobha ye Khazars, lakhiwa e emlonyeni iVolga - Itil. Inhloko-dolobha ye Khazar Khanate

I Khazars babaziwa kusukela ekhulwini lesi-6, ikakhulukazi ukuhlaselwa yayo ku Georgia ne-Armenia. Akha phezu iVolga eCaucasus, indawo yakwa-Russia yesimanje nase-Ukraine.

Kusukela izincwadi komlando ukuthi inhloko-dolobha Khazars, lakhiwa e emlonyeni iVolga - Itil, okuyinto owawukhona ekhulwini 8-10. Mayelana wakhe imithombo ebhaliwe, isibonelo, izincwadi Arab-Persian ekucwaningeni kwendawo.

Izazi-mlando namanje abazi ukuthi iyiphi iqembu ukwabela lezi zizwe. In the version eyisisekelo basuke kubhekwe abaseTurkey, nakuba kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi bangabafokazi Bulgars futhi kwabaMhlophe yaseNyakatho eCaucasus. Khazar Khanate kuyinto azinake, kusukela ngekhulu 10, wakwazi ukunqoba enyakatho Black Sea esifundeni, futhi indawo enkulu eCrimea. Nge khona Khazars buhlobene eduze umlando Kievan Rus.

Ebalulekile inhloko-dolobha Khazar Khanate lakhiwa e emlonyeni iVolga - Itil. Lokho lo muzi lunikezelwe art.

indawo

Idolobhana lalisenyakatho umlomo eMfuleni iVolga. Wayema ogwini le iCaspian Sea, okuyinto indawo evumayo kakhulu womhlaba. Lokhu kwenza ukuba umuzi babe sezentengiselwano Ephakathi.

Indawo esiqondile mlando nabavubukuli futhi engakaze kunqunywe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lo muzi ngokwawo ilahliwe ngokuphelele. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inhloko-dolobha Khazars, lakhiwa e emlonyeni iVolga - Itil - elise 15 amakhilomitha ezivela e-Astrakhan. Abanye basikisela ukuthi edolobheni basivuma enyakatho (eduze Volgograd yesimanje).

Okuwukuphela abavubukuli aziwayo Samosdelka indunduma Itholakala Astrakhan esifundeni. Kuye wafunda kusukela ngo-1990 futhi sihlehlela emuva 9-10 leminyaka. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inhloko-dolobha yayo ye Khazars. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi emzaneni kukhukhulwa yoLwandle iCaspian ngenxa ukwanda ezingeni amanzi.

Kuyini ukuchuma imbangela

Inhloko-dolobha ye Khazar Khanate kwaba ulwandle futhi emfuleni emachwebeni ezinkulu, kanye sezentengiselwano ezibalulekile. Kwakuhlangene indawo evumayo komuzi, okuyothi ngalo imizila ebaluleke kakhulu yezohwebo yesikhathi.

The main ukuyothenga izindawo Ephakathi:

• China-Europe. BaseYurophu bebelokhu benesithakazelo ezintweni ezivela eMpumalanga njalo. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okuyiwona babezimisele ukukhokha igolide, kwaba kasilika. Ngaphezu port wakhe weza nezithako, zokunethezeka. Ngenye indlela, lo mgwaqo ubizwa ngokuvamile okuthiwa iGreat Silk Road.

• Biarmia-Baghdad sompristi. Ukuba isebenzise lo mzila, abahwebi benana isiliva noboya.

• "Kusukela amaViking kuya Khazars." Le ndlela ivuleleke Khazars amathuba ukuhweba esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Umgwaqo ligijima edolobheni Regensburg, ePrague, Krakow, Kiev.

Kunobufakazi, okuyiwona ukuthi abathengisi Russian behla eVolga e Itil ezaziwayo.

Yini igama Itil

Idolobhana lalisenyakatho esizalweni somfula, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi Turkic igama layo lisho ukuthi "umfula". Kukhona inguqulo translation kusukela wesiHebheru igama elisho ukuthi "intela", okuyinto ngempela uya imikhumbi odlulayo. Nokho, ukuqashelwa okwandisa uye elihunyushwe ezivela olimini Turkish.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi igama Itil uvele maqondana inhlokodolobha ukubonwa ngekhulu 10. Ngakho bakwamanye amazwe baye baba ngundaba-mlonyeni, nakuba Khazars wasebenzisa wonke isiphetho elinye igama, futhi esikwaziyo kwaba igama emfuleni, noma omunye ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zedolobha.

isakhiwo inhlokodolobha

Ososayensi bakwazi cishe kabusha ukubukeka edolobheni. Kukholakala ukuthi kwakugcwele izingxenye ezintathu elise nhlangothi zombili zomhlaba. Amasimu entshonalanga nasempumalanga kwahlukaniswa yi iVolga. Awela phakathi nabo ngesikebhe.

Entshonalanga emfuleni waphila inkosi eseduze kanye nebutho lempi. Yileyo iningi nemizana wabiza (kuya entshonalanga noMfula iVolga) Itil. It wahlala esuka kubantu 10 kuya kwezingu-16. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga wahlukana emzaneni ngodonga ezinezivikelo eziqinile, owawungumnyaka okukhiphayo ezine ngesimo esangweni. Ababili babo baya echwebeni, kanti lawa amanye amabili - e asemaqeleni.

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli edolobheni yayiyisikhungo ekuhwebelaneni ngokufanele yawo izimakethe, emafektri, nokugeza.

Therebetween (mhlawumbe esiqhingini) itholakala lengxenye yesithathu nge izigodlo ababusi. Babedalelwene ngezitini wokushiswa. izakhamuzi ezivamile babengavunyelwe ukwakha kwale nto, ngakho emizini yabo yezwakala la maqhugwane, ematendeni lokhuni. Abanye abantu babehlala dugouts.

labantu kulo muzi

Inhloko-dolobha ye Khazar Khanate kwahluka labantu ngempela ahlukahlukene. Lapha ngokuthula ephila amaKristu, amaqaba, amaSulumane, amaJuda. Umphakathi Muslim lalinabafundi abathengisi, ababazi, yemilindankosi. Jewish - kusukela kubathengisi, izakhamizi owabaleka ushushiso waseByzantium. AbeZizwe babengenakukwazi ikakhulukazi lwamaSlav.

Zonke izimpikiswano phakathi abantu banqume umahluleli ezaziphethe isikhulu ekhethekile yenkosi. Ngoba amaJuda, amaKristu namaSulumane atholana amajaji amabili kwabezizwe - eyodwa.

Inhloko-dolobha ye Khazars, lakhiwa e emlonyeni iVolga - Itil - Igumbi Kusolwa kuphela ebusika. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-November, izakhamizi beka ku iziza zabo kakhokho umhlaba, futhi umsebenzi abampofu yasendle. Azungeze umuzi kwaku dolobhana futhi umhlabathi olimekayo, isivuno kusuka, ayethule Itil ku bemhlaba nemanti.

Ukufa edolobheni

Labhujiswa inhloko-dolobha Khazars (Itil) kwaba engxenyeni kwekhulu 10th yesibili. Lo mcimbi lihlotshaniswa isikhulu Kievan Rus Svyatoslav Igorevich. Labantu zeqe bamba komuzi, kungathatha ukuphephela iziqhingi delta lomfula.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-11 we-Rus kwesokunxele inhlokodolobha, futhi wakwazi ukubuyela emagcekeni ezigodlo Khazar. Kodwa idolobha emelelwa, ngokuvumelana al-Biruni, emanxiweni. Umlando walo okunye alwaziwa.