Eyokuqala umusi esitimela emhlabeni: umlando ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Ukuqala izinguquko kwezezimboni eYurophu ngenxa kokusungulwa injini umusi ekuqaleni esasisetshenziselwa ezimayini nasembonini ukwelukwa umkhakha. onjiniyela abaningi okusungulile Ehlakaniphile spodviglo ukuzivumelanisa ngezinhloso zokuthutha. Isihloko - umusi esitimela kwezwe yokuqala futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo ezihlobene ukubukeka kwakhe.

izimfanelo

I futha amanzi esintwini owaziwa kusukela endulo. emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kwadingeka adlule, ukuthi uye wafunda ukusebenzisa amandla umusi, ku ngokoqobo lapho iqala Velikiy uLeonardo da Vinci. Single umusi injini, wadala ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII - umusi kubhayela engumFulentshi Deni Papena (1680), futha eyiNgisi Thomas Savery (1898) - babe siyindlala yangempela.

Ukudala piston injini ephephile, lapho amanzi injected, kuhlobene igama eyiNgisi Thomas Newcomen (1711). Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi ezisunguliwe waletha Mechanics eGlasgow, uJames Watt udumo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuthi wathola igunya lokwenza ukudalwa injini umusi (1769), ezifanele isicelo ebanzi e umkhakha.

esitimela emhlabeni wokuqala wawuyomiswa ngemva isimiso kokusunguliwe: ukwehlukana uMbhalo esemqoka kanye epholisayo, okwenza ukuba hhayi ukusebenzisa amandla bafudumale njalo motor. Ukukhiqizwa umusi izinjini yafakwa kusakazwa 1776 sibonga ukuvela turning, Milling futhi planing imishini.

66 izinjini ezakhiwa nge-1785. Nokho, ukuze udlulisele ezinyakazayo rotary kushaft ukusebenza kwakudingeka umusi injini oyibamba double. Watt lobunikazi ke ngo-1784, futhi ngo-1800 yena waba isivele iyasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimboni, ukushayela enye imoto.

Richard Trevithick

Ubani owasungula le umusi injini wokuqala emhlabeni? Omunye wabantu bokuqala wazama ukusebenzisa injini umusi ngenhloso yokuhamba engumFulentshi Nikola Kyuno, owadala inqola self ezinezinjini (1769). Ngaleso sikhathi, Richard Trevithick ayibonanga uzelwe.

Njengoba ayezalelwe Cornwall (England), lo odumile umkhakha wetimayini, umsunguli esizayo wazalelwa emkhayeni omkhulu e 1771-m. Uyise ubengeyona ihlonishwe, futhi sathandana enezibalo zakhe zasebuntwaneni Richard wazama lula umsebenzi ngaphansi komhlaba, ekuthuthukiseni izinjini umusi iphampa emayini. Ngo 1801-m ngoba izidingo ibhizinisi edala inqola - prototype ibhasi lokuqala, kamuva elaba okwandile njengoba imodi ehlukile zokuthutha. Kwakuyisikhathi trackless umusi esitimela (ngonyaka kokuthola lobunikazi - 1802 th), ebizwa ngokuthi Puffing uDeveli.

Uma Watt motors babe besiyoba sikhulu ngenxa ukusetshenziswa ongaphakeme ingcindezi umusi, it is hhayi eyesatshwayo R. Trevithick sikhulu ngamaphesenti izikhathi eziningana (kufika ku 8 eziphindwe). Amandla azishintshile, kodwa ubukhulu injini is kakhulu ziyancipha, okwakuyinto ebalulekile sokuthuthukiswa ezokuthutha. Watt asabela ngayo-ke omubi, ngaphandle ephezulu ingcindezi ezingaphephile.

ukuhlolwa

cast iron komzila badalwa South Wales, umsunguli ngesikhathi wahlala Cambourne. Trevithick empirically wafakazela ukuthi uma nabo bushelelezi bushelelezi isondo skidding kuzokwenzeka amandla kokukhuhlana eyanele ukuhambisa injini, ngisho noma izinqola gibela zithwesiwe amalahle. Kwakubalulekile kakhulu uma sicabangela izinjongo ezifanele amabhizinisi.

Ukuze izicelo ezimbonini le umusi esitimela wokuqala emhlabeni yakhiwe owawandulele kwecala lakhe (1803). Mayelana nabo amaphephandaba English wabhala ngo-February ka-1804, kubika ukusetshenziswa umshini yasungulwa zokuhamba amathani 10 yensimbi. ukuthutha Self ezinezinjini ku komzila asibekela Ibanga 9 amamayela, nge kokuqondisa yezokuvakasha ikhuphukile kobukhulu wezimpahla kufika ku-15 wamathani - abantu abangaba ngu-70 wathatha ithuba ukukhuphuka ukugibela ngaphansi ukubhonga lavumelana isixuku. Izinga zaba 5 ngehora, kuyilapho ayidingekile ukwengeza amanzi ukuze isibilisi. Kodwa kungenjongo esitimela nzima kakhulu ayikwazanga baye basakaza ngakho Trevithick sathuthuka umklamo.

Catch Me Ubani Can

Ukuze imodeli entsha, ngokuthi "Catch Me Ubani Can", emaphethelweni London Trevithick yakha wesitimela indandatho komgwaqo. Yena okholwa ukuthi abakhiqizi abanesifiso umshini omusha. Obnesya Nihlola Ground uthango oluphakeme, waze iqala ukuthengisa abafisa ukugibela amathikithi, benethemba lokuthola izindleko futhi wenze inzuzo. Injini entsha ivumela phezulu yesivinini 30 km / h.

Kodwa ibhizinisi akuphumelelanga. umgibeli wokuqala emhlabeni esitimela, wadala for fun, hhayi yabakhanga nezimboni. Ngenxa Ekhala of the wesitimela yensimbi wayengumphathi, wayenikela, kokuba zaphazamiseka kakhulu. Trevithick akazange ngisho uyibuyisele, ukwenza ezinye izinto ezisunguliwe. Ngo 1816 waya Peru ukubandakanya ekusunguleni izinjini yayo emayini wendawo.

Ukudalelwa Trevithick: Managing

Kuze 1827, umsunguli oluvelele bahlala khona eNingizimu Melika. Ukubuyela lizwe, wathola ukuthi impumelelo yakhe baye basebenzisa ngempumelelo futhi akhiwa ezinye onjiniyela. Washona ngo-1833, ngokuba cishe isinxibi nje. Inkinga eyinhloko, akavunyelwe liqalise imibono yakhe ngaleso kwekhulunyaka, kwaba iba ukungabi khona kwemigwaqo. Yena wasebenzisa wonke umcebo wakhe ku evulekile imizila okhethekile umusi ezinqoleni, ewakhulula izihlahla namadwala.

Eyokuqala umusi esitimela emhlabeni kuye kwaholela ukwelashwa of uJames Watt eNgilandi ePhalamende namakhasimende, nabashaya imithetho uvinjelwe izinjini nge umfutho ophakeme umusi. Umthetho ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga, kodwa namanje okwesikhashana ukuthuthukiswa Trevithick.

Watt uyala ngokumelene umfundi wakhe ngokweba umbono kwendalo injini umusi e yenkampani "Botton futhi Watt". Lokhu kwabangela kungamanyala omkhulu, ephoqa Trevithick ukuvikela idumela lakhe elihle.

Kuphela iminyaka engu-20 eyayibekwe for the ezokuthutha umusi. Ixhumeke nge igama uGeorge Stephenson.

Ukuvulwa ukubaluleka komphakathi ujantshi

Phakathi nokuphila Trevithick, ngo-1825, lo jantshi ukuthi ixhunyiwe Stockton futhi Darlington ivulekile. unjiniyela self-wafundisa Dzhordzh Stefenson yasungulwa umklamo elula evumela esitimela ku komzila bushelelezi ukudonsa isakhiwo esindayo. Ngo okusungulile yakhe indima ebaluleke kudlalwa ngokwabo imizila, ithrekhi okuyinto namanje okwakuyinsakavukela eNtshonalanga Yurophu (1,435 mm). Esitimela ngesikhathi kuvulwa lo jantshi wagijima yena Stephenson, futhi eduze walandela ebihambisa nabagibeli ikhasi off ngesikhathi sokwehla. Okwammangaza kakhulu ukuthi isixuku Kwakuyintokozo yodwa. Ijubane kwaba 24 km / h.

Izidingo zomphakathi umusi esitimela wokuqala emhlabeni Stephenson ezidalwe 1814. Waqhubeka wamboza ibanga 30 km, futhi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu laligcwele inethiwekhi nojantshi. Amakhanda waqala ethwele hhayi izimpahla kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu.

okufushane Soviet

ESoviet Union isikhathi eside ke bathi bake yasungulwa esitimela Stephenson baseRussia Cherepanov. Ubaba nendodana kusolakala wakwenza, kungakhathaliseki eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Eqinisweni, Miron Cherepanov wavakashela England, wafika lapho wabona imiklamo komzila. Ukubuyela Vyisky isitshalo, wazama ukukopisha lokho akubona, kodwa namanje at ukuthuthukiswa imibono yakhe wathatha iminyaka emibili. intuthu yesitimela wokuqala emhlabeni ku komzila lwavivinywa e 1804 (abantu abaningi abacabanga lolu suku usuku lokuzalwa injini), kanye "umhlaba isikebhe" yavela eRussia 1833.

Sasisetshenziselwa ukuthuthwa netshe lize wabhubhisa yonke ihlathi kule ndawo. Amakhanda esikhundleni zamahhashi, ecabanga kokusungulwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili.

kuba ukwazi

Ngo Cambourne kwesithombe Richard Trevithick ubambe trackless ukuthutha walo wokuqala, esinegama "ukuhogela udeveli." Imodeli kungabonakala iminyuziyamu eminingi esizinikezele umlando umusi esitimela. Futhi lapho intuthu yesitimela kwezwe yokuqala?

Uma Ngithe mangingene yezihambi umsunguli ukukhohlwa ukunciphisa ukushisa, olusekela izinga lokushisa kubhayela. Lapho amanzi eye abilisiwe kude, inqola ngomlilo. Enough imizuzu embalwa, ngakho-ke akabange esaba khona. Nokho, lokho akusho ukucasula Trevithick bejabule, qhubeka ukusebenza nezinto ezintsha.

indawo yakhe lokungcwatshwa is ngeshwa elahlekile, kodwa igama abanamakhono unjiniyela lilotshwe ngamagama egolide emlandweni wonke.