Impi, Turkey: ohlwini, incazelo, umlando kanye nemiphumela. Impi yombango emlandweni eTurkey, amaqiniso athakazelisayo kanye nemiphumela

Impi, Turkey - omunye izihloko efanele futhi ezithakazelisayo hhayi kuphela e isayensi zomlando, kodwa futhi nesayensi yanamuhla zezombusazwe. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana kuleli zwe, owawungumnyaka core yoMbuso WaseTurkey zalwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise e-Europe. Lolu cwaningo yale nkinga kusenza siqonde eziningi ezingokoqobo ekuphileni samanje isimo.

Le mpi ngoba umngcele oseningizimu

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ngxabano wezwe lethu umbuso kwaba impi yokuqala nge Turkey, owenzeka ngo-1568-1570-yalolucwaningo. Sultan bazama ukuyibamba Astrakhan elalingelamaFilisti State eMoscow. Ngesikhathi wokwakha ngesikhathi esifanayo umsele waqala phakathi iVolga kanye Don. Nokho, lo mzamo ka ohlangothini Turkish ukuhlanganisa isikhundla salo emlonyeni emfuleni ngowokuqala kushabalele: owathunyelwa inhloko-dolobha lamabutho Russian ophoqelelwe isitha ukukhulisa livinjezelwe, futhi imikhumbi yakhe ebilahlekile njengomkhumbi lapho kunesivunguvungu.

Impi yesibili Turkey senzeka ngo 1672-1681, ngokulandelana. Khona-ke umbusi umbuso wazama ukuqinisa isikhundla salo Kwesokudla Bank Ukraine. Hetman kwathiwa selikhonza ngaphansi kwe-Sultan, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lo ezimbili walwa Poland. Khona-ke eMoscow impi ukuze alwe nenkosi, ukuze kuvikelwe isikhundla salo kwesokunxele-yasebhange Ukraine. Umzabalazo main saleso inhlokodolobha hetman Chigirin ukuthi yanjalo lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye. Ekugcineni, amabutho Russian babexoshwa kusukela lapho, kodwa eMoscow uye walondoloza isimo saso sangaphambilini, kuyilapho sultan waqiniswa okuyingxenye Hetman sika.

Umzabalazo sokufinyelela kolwandle

Impi phakathi Turkey kanye namazwe aseYurophu ngonyaka 1686-1700. Ngalesi sikhathi, nezwekazi kwamiswa oNgcwele League ngomzabalazo ngokuhlanganyela. Izwe lethu usejoyine kwalolu mbimbi, futhi 1686 futhi 1689 amabutho Russian iphansi kwesandla sika-Golitsyn uhambo eCrimea, okuyinto Nokho, ayizange iphumelele. Nokho, eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, uPetru ngathatha Azov, okwakubekelwa lebhalwe insimu yezwe lethu.

Impi phakathi Turkey kanye eRussia ngokuyinhloko exhunywe ne isifiso sokugcina ukuze uthole ilungelo ukugcina izimoto zawo ogwini oluseningizimu. Lokhu yikona okwakubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni yasebukhosini, okuyinto ngo-1735 wathumela amasosha Russian iphansi kwesandla sika-B. Minich eCrimea. Ekuqaleni, ibutho sebebe nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni, ke ephethwe ukuthwebula inombolo wezinqaba, kodwa ngenxa Ukuqubuka kobhubhane, waphoqwa ukuba ashona. izenzakalo ngeshwa zenzeka, futhi ngalolo front, lokwenta live letfu ally Austria, okuyinto kuhlulekile wokukhipha-Turks ezikhundleni zabo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Russia Siye azifinyelelanga umgomo, kodwa agcinwayo Azov.

isikhathi Catherine

War-Turkish engxenyeni kwekhulu le-18 yesibili abaphumelelanga kanjalo kuleli zwe. Kwaba ngokuhamba izinkampani ezimbili eziphumelele eRussia esekwazi ukungena oLwandle Olumnyama, futhi amqinisa coast yayo, kokuba ilungelo ukugcina imikhumbi yakhe lapha. Kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, eyaqinisekisa isikhundla umbuso abasha esifundeni eseningizimu. Ingxabano waqala ngenxa okushiwo Sultan ukuthi amabutho Russian ewela imingcele isimo sakhe. Ekuqaleni, amabutho Russian ezazingezinhle kakhulu futhi abangu ezisithekile. Nokho, ngo-1770 bakwazi ukufinyelela iDanube, futhi imikhumbi Russian iwine eziningi zokunqoba phezu kolwandle. Ukunqoba enkulu ukwedlulela eCrimea ngaphansi protectorate yeRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi izindawo ephakathi kwemifula yaya ezweni lethu.

iminyaka eyishumi nantathu kamuva omunye, kwagqashuka impi phakathi kwamazwe, imiphumela eyaqinisekisa ukunqoba nokuphakama uzuza entsha indawo yezwe. Ngokusho iSivumelwano Jassy, inhlonhlo eme ekugcineni wabelwa ukuba uMbuso, njengoba wasuka eziningi principalities Danubian. Lezi zombili izimpi kwaqinisa isimo ezweni lethu amandla zasolwandle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uMariya iwine ilungelo ukugcina izimoto zawo phezu kolwandle, ke uye kwelulwe kakhulu endaweni yayo eningizimu.

Ukungqubuzana ngekhulu le-19

Nambili izimpi Russian futhi Turkish kwakuhlobene nenkolelo-aphikisayo kwelifa loonyana aseningizimu nolwandle, eyayintula ukubaluleka amasu zombili lezi zizwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu isizathu udweshu entsha kwaba ukungenela ohlangothini Turkish ezindabeni zangaphakathi we principalities Danubian, ogama ababusi zisusiwe amandla ngaphandle isivumelwano oMfelandawonye. Lesi sinyathelo sathathwa olugqugquzelwa uhulumeni waseFrance, ebalwa uyephuza amabutho yempi Russian kule nkundla European kwemisebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho kokungqubuzana eside, eyathatha iminyaka eyisithupha, ohlangothini-Turkish wenqaba eBessarabia, futhi ababusi Danubian yazuza ukuzimela.

Eminyakeni 1828-1829 kwakukhona impi phakathi kuka-United. Ngalesi sikhathi, imbangela eqondile ukulwa wakhonza khona njengenceku ukuzimela ngesiGreki. Russia bajoyine emhlanganweni French waseBrithani. Amandla Authority yamemezela Greece kanye ogwini olusempumalanga oLwandle Olumnyama simukile ezweni lethu.

Umzabalazo phakathi kwekhulu

impi yaseRussia Turkey kuzoqhubeka isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Ukuchitheka sina kakhulu yenzeka 1853-1856, ngokulandelana. Nicholas ngiyayifuna ukukhululwa kwe uthi Balkan ekubusweni WaseTurkey, futhi ngenxa yalokho, naphezu ikhono ukwakha umfelandawonye anti-Russian ehola imibuso yaseYurophu, yathuma amabutho ku ababusi Danubian, kuphendulwa sultan iqale impi ngo-izwe lethu.

Ekuqaleni, imikhumbi yasekhaya inqobe, kodwa ngonyaka ozayo wangenela ingxabano, iBrithani neFrance, ngemva kwalokho amabutho Russian baqala ukuhlupheka ukunqotshwa. Naphezu lokuvimbezela nobuqhawe Sevastopol, abaseTurkey yazuza upper andla. Isici esikhethekile sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi kwaba ukuthi isinyathelo sezempi waya ogwini Black Sea, futhi koLwandle iPacific White Sea. Ngenxa kokunqotshwa Russia walahlekelwa ilungelo ukugcina imikhumbi ogwini Black Sea, futhi walahlekelwa ezinye Holdings zayo.

imikhankaso kwakamuva

Impi phakathi Russia nase Turkey abathintekayo izithakazelo nje kulawa mazwe kodwa nakwezinye izifundazwe. Ingxabano elandelayo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander II. Lesi sikhathi ibutho Russian iwine uchungechunge ngokunqoba enkulu, ngenxa izwe lethu seliphinde baphinde ilungelo ukugcina le mikhumbi woLwandle Olumnyama, phama wezwe wakithi wathuthela kwamanye amasimu uhlalwe Armenia Georgians. Ukuchitheka zokugcina senzeke kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ibutho Russian iwine eziningi zokunqoba baya maphakathi nezwe, Nokho, lezi zindawo ezingazange enamathiselwe Soviet Russia. Umphumela eyinhloko sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo wokugoqa kokubili imibuso.

Independence Movement

War-Turkish of Independence waqhubeka 1919-1923, ngokulandelana. Kwakuthinta eliholwa Mustafa Kemal, owazihlanganisa amabutho kazwelonke ngokumelene abahlaseli, ngubani ashaqe ingxenye enkulu yezwe. Kuyinto uhulumeni njengoba sizana eJalimane Kwakuthi lapho sezingenile ekamu of losers, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba wamukele imigomo ye ukuxolelana, owawuthi Entente matasa ensimini yayo. Izenzakalo owaqala ngokuvukela umsebenzi zamabutho ngesiGreki kwedolobha Izmir. Ukulandela amabutho French nalo lukhona kule nhlonhlo. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwe-yavelonkhe yenkhululeko, eliholwa Kemal Ataturk.

Imicimbi Eastern kanye nezimpi Western

War-Turkish, umlando okuyinto kuhlobene eduze Russia, baqhubeka kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu lama-20. uhulumeni okusha kulindeleke kwasekuqaleni ukuze bazivikele ecaleni Armenia. I-Turks wakwazi ukunqoba futhi esayina isivumelwano ngamandla Soviet zobungane. Kwaba isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu womabili la mazwe, lapho lalihlukene kwezombusazwe enkundleni ngamazwe. Ngemva kwalokho, Kemal bagxila zonke izimpi zawo itjhaphuluko waseConstantinople, okuyinto ilawulwa oMfelandawonye. I last Uzame lokwakha uhulumeni omusha, kodwa abazange baphumelele, ngoba ingxenye enkulu abaseTurkey iyiswe uhlangothi wenkululeko phambi kazwelonke ka Ataturk.

War neFrance

Eminyakeni 1916-1921 zamabutho Turkish ebhekene nebutho isiFulentshi, bazinza naseKhilikhiya. Le mpi yaqhubeka futhi kwaba nemiphumela emihle obuhlukahlukene, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba amaGreki kwavinjwa, Kemal bashukunyiselwa esenzweni. Nokho, impumelelo ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe fixed ngokusebenzisa nezingxoxo zokubonisana, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili zigcine zihluleka ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni. Lokhu kwenziwa sibonga kunokwenzeka yokuthi izimali isiFulentshi, futhi womabili la mazwe babenesithakazelo normalizing ubudlelwane ziye izimali emnothweni Turkish. Umphumela eyinhloko umzabalazo ukuzimela kwaba ukuqedwa Sultan futhi ekuguquleni isimo ibe republic yezwe ezimele.

Isimo samanje

isimo setepolitiki ezweni namuhla oke esishubile kakhulu. Enye yezinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela - Loyo ngumbuto sabantu Kurdish, okuyinto vele amashumi eminyaka elwa sesifunda zabo. Ngokusekelwe izenzakalo zamuva, abahlaziyi abaningi bezombangazwe baye bame kwelokuthi kukhona ngempela impi yombango e-Turkey. It eshubisa isimo futhi yokuthi leli zwe iyisimo wokuziphilisa, isikhundla Islam namanje uqine ngokwanele, futhi uvusa eziningi umehluko phakathi kwesilinganiso olusemthethweni futhi isimo yengxenye ethile labantu.

Ngamafuphi, singasho ukuthi into ezithakazelisayo kunazo izenzakalo ngenhla yokuthi ngemva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 phakathi ezweni lethu futhi isimo Turkish kwakungekho izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Namuhla kuyinto ekhathazayo isimo sangaphakathi kuleli zwe, onikeza ngezizathu ukusho ezinye izazi ukuthi kukhona impi yombango e-Turkey.