IzimaliNokubonga

Umgomo wezimali: Izinjongo, izincazelo kanye imiqondo

Umnotho State lukhula kubangelwe ukuqaliswa iziphathimandla wezwe wezimali ka komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Kuyini essence yayo? Yikuphi izindlela zako ziyizindlela ezivamile?

Kuyini kwenqubomgomo yemali?

Igama elithi "komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali" ngokuvamile kubhekwa esimeningcondvo Central Bank of the State noma esinye isakhiwo ukuthi wenza imisebenzi ezihambisana Central Bank. Ikakhulukazi, njenge:

- ukulawulwa umsebenzi izikhonzi zezimali uhlelo, ikhredithi emakethe;

- kwamalayisensi ngamabhange;

- Ukuphathwa emali;

- ukuqaliswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali;

- ukusiza ukuphathwa inhlokodolobha isabelomali kahulumeni.

Kungenjalo igama umqondo - ". Komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali" Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank nezikhungo efanayo, okuyinto wayifeza umgomo othile. Cabangela lokho kungenzeka.

Inqubomgomo Monetary Izinhloso

ezimqoka komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, ngokuvamile, sihambisana nemisebenzi Central Bank of the Russian Federation, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo sishilo ngenhla. Sikhuluma izinjongo ezifana:

- containment emali ngokweqile;

- ukuqinisekisa zokuvikeleka komphakathi izakhamuzi;

- Ukuphathwa ofeleba yemikhakha ayisihluthulelo emnothweni;

- ukuqinisekisa elilungile ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa of emnothweni kazwelonke.

Lezi imigomo yona I amabhange amakhulu emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise Bank of Russia. It kuyoba usizo cabanga izindlela eziyisisekelo ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa imisebenzi iziphathimandla zezimali njengoba inqubomgomo wezwe yemali. imigomo yayo ngesikhathi esifanayo kungenzeka okufanayo - njengoba uhlu contact kuxoxwa.

Tindlelanchubo Ukwahlukaniswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko kwenqubomgomo yemali:

- olandelanayo;

- ovulekile.

Uhlobo lokuqala komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali okuhloswe ngaso ekusebenziseni izinyathelo okuyinto lokulawula umsebenzi yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali - ezimele kanye nekahulumeni, futhi senzelwe ukuze kukhawulwe Dynamics credit imisebenzi. Ngakho, i-Central Bank, ngokubeka okusezingeni eliphezulu lokuma senzalo, zishukumisa ukukhuphuka efanayo ezimweni credit izikhungo zezimali yangasese.

Kulokhu, ukufeza izinhloso ezithile izinqubomgomo yemali. Njengokuthi nje, ngaphezu kwakho konke, nokwehla kwamandla emali, kanye nokunikeza nebhalansi eyeqile ngenxa ukushukuma ongaqondile ekunciphiseni ukungeniswa. uhlobo Okubukwe kwenqubomgomo yemali kusebenza ukwanda umthwalo wentela amabhizinisi, ukuncishiswa isabelomali izindleko, nokwenza ukungenisa esikhundleni.

inqubomgomo Okuxekethile yemali ukwandisa ukukhula sokuthuthuka kwezimakethe zokubolekiswa kwezimali, ukwehla lokulawula nokusakazwa dolobha emnothweni, izintela, futhi inzalo emalini ebolekwe. Central Bank eyehlisiwe ukhiye lenzalo yayo, ungakwazi nokugqugquzela ukuqaliswa kwezinqubo izenzo ezifanayo amabhange commercial.

Ifanele tenchubomgomo yemali waxotshana labo, njengoba umthetho, lokhu okulandelayo:

- ukwanda ofeleba emnothweni sika,

- inkanuko umsebenzi kwezomnotho ,

- nokwenza ibhalansi izinkokhelo - kodwa ngo nokuthengiswa okwandisa.

Yini enquma kukhethwa isimo ezihlukahlukene oluthile komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali? Yeka indlela lokho okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali ebhange central?

Njengomthetho, incike ezingeni lamanje ukuzinza isimo uhlelo lwezimali, kanye Dynamics emnothweni iyonke. Uma umnotho kazwelonke ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni, ngoba Central Bank kungamukeleka ukukhetha isu ovulekile: ngokuvamile kuyasiza kusebenze utshalomali, kubekhona kwezomnotho nemibandela lutho zemakethe.

Uma bomnotho khona, tinhloso komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali isimo iyashintsha. Kulokhu, kungase kudingeke kuncishiswe izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, uhamba phambili ekufezeni lokhu umgomo kunomthelela inqubomgomo olandelanayo yemali. Inhloso yayo Ngakho kakhulu abonisa isimo somnotho esifundeni. Uma umnotho kazwelonke okhula ngamandla - komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali kungenziwa libhekene kwezinye izici Amathrendi crisis - ngamanye.

Omunye umbandela ovamile for Ukwahlukaniswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali - esikalini. Ngakho, ukwaba izindlela usabalale futhi uyakhetha wesi kwezomnotho. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe ethile.

Izinga komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali

Okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ukuthi kokubili uhlobo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali wafunda ngenhla, ngoludala futhi ovulekile, kungaba njengoba inani futhi uyakhetha. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zilwane Tindlelanchubo nokuphatha uhlelo lwezimali kusengaphambili, ukuze ubukhulu nendawo ethile ye-izinqumo ezithathwayo Central Bank.

Ngakho, uma Central Bank nokobana komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali of all-out ke imiyalo yakhe zisebenza kuwo wonke zokuthenga ngesikweletu kanye zezimali ezisebenza isimo. Izinhloso kanye nezindlela komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali kungaba kulesi simo ezihlobana isidingo sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa imikhakha ayisihluthulelo emnothweni, le sesimanje ingqalasizinda yasebhange isimo.

Okukhethwayo nemigomo yezezimali izikhungo kusikisela ukusabalala ethile sezinqumo ezithathwe Central Bank, i-inani elilinganiselwe-credit nezinye izikhungo zezimali. Ngakho, Central Bank, yi-ngekusebentisa tinchubomgomo abakhethayo unga:

- setha imikhawulo emizaneni;

- ukunquma amazinga abolekise;

- ukusungula ukusebenza nenqubo ngazinye izikhungo ukuhweba ngemali.

Kulokhu inhloso kungaba nokwandisa CB yezici ezithile credit kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, ngcono ingqalasizinda lokukhokha, ngcono amazinga owawuthi elibamba ezihlukahlukene ukuthengiselana lokukhokha.

Ekusebenteni, imigomo kanye nezinhloso ze-komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali umbuso, ie, Central Bank noma izikhungo okulingana, ngokuvamile kokushintsha. Lokhu kungenxa izinguquko njalo kule izinqubo zezomnotho ngaphakathi ezweni nasemazweni aphesheya, kanye nethonya yezici setepolitiki, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngakho, Central Bank kungabanga njalo zonke izinhlobo ezikhethiwe kwenqubomgomo yemali - esikhatsini inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene ukuze.

Yiqiniso, kwezinye inkathi ngokwanele eside isimo ungakhetha igunya nezindlela zokuphatha kwezomnotho kanye nehlukile kancane okukhulu ukuzisebenzisa. Kodwa nge ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni imvelo bangaphandle, umthelela izici zezombangazwe CBA kungase ubukeza indlela yabo ukuqaliswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali.

Ngilusizo manje sizoxoxa amathuluzi ethize lapho ibhange elikhulu nohlobo elawula izinqubo zomnotho kuleli zwe.

Instruments of komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali isimo

zezomnotho Modern ukuhlukanisa ohlwini olulandelayo zomculo eyisisekelo okukhulunywa ngalo:

- ubeka imithetho ku izinqolobane of ngamabhange;

- CBR nengxenye ukuthengiselana kwi isitokwe Ukuhwebelana;

- ukusungulwa izinga ukhiye;

- ukulawulwa imisebenzi commercial izikhungo obolekisayo.

Ake sifunde bona ngokuningiliziwe.

izidingo Reserve ngamabhange

Ithuluzi kuqala ohlwini, ezichazwe ngenhla, kubhekwa njengento omunye ukhiye, ngoba ivumela yasebhange emaphakathi nomthelela kwi kwaneliswe isidingo capital emnothweni isimo. Iqiniso lokuthi ivolumu reserves ayo isikhungo sezezimali commercial ngqo ukunquma amakhono wokuthi ibhange lenze abolekise inhlangano. Uma izidingo esabekwa Central Bank ukuze umthombo ezifanele, ukuphakama, umsebenzi amabhange ingxenye kwezimakethe sinciphile. Ngenxa yalokho - Nokho, encishisiwe imali emnothweni ngokoMthetho wemboni Okuyınqo, kungase kwandise ngokuya sokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezezimali, imali izakhamuzi '.

Tightening izidingo inqolobane ngamabhange kusize ekunciphiseni wenzuzo sifinyelele nezinye izinjongo ezidinga Inqubomgomo olandelanayo yemali. Ingabe ithuluzi lokubika siyasebenza ngokuya kunjongo emnothweni?

Phakathi ukubukwa lochwepheshe kule ndaba zihlukile. Abanye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho nemithetho ephathelene nezimfuneko reserve kufanele kube ngesilinganiso yesikhashana, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi CBR kufanele usebenzise njalo ithuluzi elifanele - ezivamile ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zeziyaluyalu nokungaqiniseki izinqubo ezahlukene emnothweni kazwelonke.

Ukubamba iqhaza Bank of okwenziwe Ukuhwebelana isitokwe

Ithuluzi elandelayo ezivamile Central Bank komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali - ukulawulwa okwenziwe Ukuhwebelana isitokwe. izikhungo wezimali LuyinkundIa ukubhida evulekile. Kuhlanganise nalezo ezihilela ukusetshenziswa on ukuthengwa nokudayiswa izibambiso esikhishwe isimo, kanye amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezisebenza ezweni.

Central Bank ngo Kulokhu kungaba isidlali asebenzayo emakethe ukuthenga noma ukudayisa uhlobo oluthile izibambiso. Njengoba ojwayelekile, Central Bank uhlanganyela ukuthengiselana, okubonisa inzuzo kumasheya ezindawo zikahulumeni. Uma uthenga kubo, kusho ukuthi iqalise tenchubomgomo yemali wajaha yilezo elichaza indlela ovulekile ukulawulwa emnothweni. Okungukuthi, izinkampani isimo noma enkulu ukuthola dolobha kusukela Central Bank angaqondisa ke ukutshala kumaphrojekthi entsha (izindleko, commercial), ukuze lelisu sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa emikhakheni eyehlukene.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukudayiswa izibambiso cabangisisa yokuthi izimpokophelo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali we Central Bank ezihlobene ukuqaliswa indlela olandelanayo nokuphathwa izinqubo zezomnotho - njengoba kulokhu, wetimali tetimakethe kwehle.

Ukusungula izinga ukhiye

Okulandelayo CBA ithuluzi - ukubeka izinga ukhiye. Le nkomba, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, inquma izimo loan emakethe iyonke.

Ngakho, okusezingeni eliphezulu ukhiye CBR izinga kungase kubonise ukuthi izimpokophelo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali we Bank of Russia - ukwehla Dynamics ofeleba kwemikhakha ethile emnothweni ngezithukuthuku izimali ezibolekwe, kanye ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu ayisihluthulelo Central Bank, njengoba umthetho, ukhuthaza nokuzibandakanya zomphakathi kwezimali emabhange ngesimo imali - at eziphezulu zenzalo. Ngenxa yalokho kwanda khona ofeleba, esikhundleni salokho, credit nezinhlangano zezimali.

Ukulawulwa kwemali ngamabhange '

Esinye isiqondiso esibalulekile inqubomgomo malini isimo - imigomo, ukusungulwa namazinga ngamabhange. It wenziwa ngokuqondene yokuthi iziphathimandla zezimali kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ukuzinza kohlelo yasebhange njengoba omunye wemithombo ebalulekile ukuqaliswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali.

Commercial izikhungo abolekise ukudlala indima yokuba izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali isimo. Badinga ukuba nengqalasizinda ozinzile futhi isebenze ngokuhambisana nemithetho eqinile - ukuze amakhasimende abo, izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi kanye izakhiwo mali, kwadingeka ithuba usebenzisa amasevisi ephephile futhi iyatholakala. I yezinjongo eziyinhloko komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali isimo futhi basikisela ukusetshenziswa kakhulu asebenzayo lokhu ingqalasizinda. CB umsebenzi - ukuqinisekisa ukuqondanisa ngempumelelo wesi imigomo yawo yezomthetho ebekwe nokuthuthukisa.

Umgomo wezimali we Bank of Russia: the Izinto eziseqhulwini

Kuyasiza ukuba ucabangele lokho okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini zomphakathi ithobela Russian Central Bank ngo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi Central Bank njengoba isikhungo sezezimali eyinhloko isimo ekhetha omunye yokuphatha izinqubo zezomnotho esekelwe isimo emnothweni kazwelonke, izizathu yangempela ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Isimiso ohambelana futhi ephawula Russian Central Bank.

Lesi sikhungo ikhredithi, umkhuba imibukiso, nokobana isu ogxile olandelanayo ezikhathini recession futhi ovulekile - ngekukhula emnothweni wesifundazwe. Ngakho, ngesikhathi kunezinkinga ka 2008-2009 izinga ayisihluthulelo Central Bank of the Russian Federation ikhuphuke kakhulu: ke behlisa abolekise emakethe, kakhulu ziyancipha wetimali komnotho kodwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikakhulukazi abantu zabasiza zenza ukwehla nokwenyuka kwemali ezingeni elemukelekile. Ngemva sokunqoba esibucayi, izinga ukhiye yehlile: Central Bank yayiswa nezinqubomgomo zokuphatha kwezomnotho ovulekile.

Ngenxa ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela kanye inkinga Russian wezangaPhandle emnothweni Russian e 2015 futhi wathuthela komnotho. Central Bank ephakanyiswe ukhiye lenzalo yayo futhi uyaqhubeka ukuyigcina ezingeni ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate - uma siphathe njengobufakazi ukufanelekela enkulu ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo yemali, njengoba izibalo zibonisa, eRussia ku ezingeni elemukelekile.

Nalapha futhi, siphawula ukuthi phakathi zezomnotho kukhona kokuhlaziywa ezahlukene osondela CBR ukuqondisa umnotho: kukhona umbono wokuthi izinga ukhiye kumele kungancipha futhi ashukumise abolekise ngenxa - ukwandisa ezingeni ofeleba yemikhakha ezihlukahlukene emnothweni kazwelonke.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, sahlola nemvelo, yezinjongo eziyinhloko futhi zomculo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, okuyinto naye kubhekiselwa kuye njengoMsindisi yemali. kuncike Its main - ibhange central. Ubephethe - nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla imigomo, ibhalansi izinkokhelo, izinga ukhiye, ukulawulwa imisebenzi ezikhungweni ukuhweba ngemali ukuthi futhi sinendima ebalulekile ukuqaliswa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Kuye isimo sezomnotho ezweni, ngaphandle, ithonya izici setepolitiki, Central Bank angakhetha omunye isu yemali, kanye namathuluzi ethize ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Ngokuvamile, babonisa omunye izindlela ezimbili: olandelanayo - ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa imali emnothweni kanye nezimboni ayo ayinhloko, noma ovulekile - libhekene isifiso Central Bank ukuze sikhuthaze exchange asebenzayo iqhaza capital emakethe.

Enye indlela Ungashintshanisa nezinye uma kunesidingo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubonakala sezici ezaba nomthelela omnotho izimpokophelo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali eRussia, njengoba umthetho, kubonise isifiso iziphathimandla zezimali ukuze zehlise ofeleba emnothweni sika. Kubukeka sengathi ukunyuka emaphakathi yasebhange amazinga ukhiye, kwezinye izimo - ukushintsha izidingo inqolobane commercial izikhungo obolekisayo. Kepha njengoba masinyane njengoba isimo somnotho kuleli zwe is uhlaliseke - Central Bank, njengoba umthetho, ukwehlisa izinga ukhiye.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.