Umkhawulo kanye isilinganiso Indian Ocean ukujula. Impumuzo kwe-Indian Ocean phansi

I-Indian Ocean lesithathu ngobukhulu kunazo zonke endaweni matasa kuwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye, lo-Indian Ocean ukujula esiphezulu onesizotha kakhulu - amakhilomitha 7.45 kuphela.

indawo

Thola kumephu ilula - enyakatho olwandle ingxenye Asian ezintaba zase-Eurasia, ogwini eningizimu-Antarctica osuka empumalanga ukugeleza ndlela-Australia. Ngo engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Afrika kuba.

Iningi endaweni olwandle eqhubeka e Nenkabazwe oseningizimu. Yeka okuhlangenwe umugqa ngengqondo uhlukanisa Indian kanye ne-Atlantic izilwandle - kusukela Cape Agulhas e-Afrika, phansi Meridian amabili Antarctica uqobo. Pacific uwahlukanise enhlonhlweni Indochinese ka Malacca, umngcele kudlulela enyakatho esiqhingini saseSumatra, bese agudle, okuyinto uxhuma kumephu saseSumatra Java, Sumba neNew Guinea. On the yesine --Arctic - Indian Ocean akanawo imingcele ezivamile.

endaweni

I-Indian Ocean ukujula silinganiselwa 3897 amamitha. Kulokhu, ihlanganisa indawo 74 917 000 amakhilomitha, silivumele libe elikhulu kunawo wonke lwesithathu phakathi 'abafowabo.' Ogwini kulomzimba enkulu yamanzi bafa kancane kakhulu - lena isizathu esenza kube kuhle kuhlanganisa kancane zezilwandle.

Ngokulinganiswa iziqhingana amanga kule olwandle. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo once alishiye ezwekazini, banjalo useduze nogu - Socotra, Madagascar, Sri Lanka. Kude nasolwandle, endaweni evulekile, ungathola isiqhingi, uvela mlilo. It - Crozet, Mascarene nabanye. Ezindaweni ezishisa phezu Izigaxa mlilo iziqhingi zama-coral imvelaphi, ezifana Maldives, Cocos, Andaman and abanye.

Shore empumalanga enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye impande, kuyilapho leli dolobhana ngasentshonalanga nangasenyakatho-empumalanga - ikakhulukazi anesihlabathi. Emaphethelweni ogwini inqanyulwa kancane kakhulu, ngaphandle ingxenye yayo enyakatho. Kulapha ebamba kakhulu we bay ezinkulu.

ukujula

Yiqiniso, endaweni enkulu kangaka alikwazi kwe-Indian Ocean ukujula efanayo - esiphezulu kuyinto 7130 amamitha. Leli phuzu itholakala ku-Sunda Trench. Isilinganiso se-Indian Ocean ukujula - 3897 amamitha.

Amatilosi nabahloli bamazwe expanses amanzi Awukwazi ukubhekisa i sibalo avareji. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi babe ibalazwe eside kwe-Indian Ocean ekujuleni ihlanganiswa. Iqukethe phansi esiqondile ukuphakama ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, sibona bonke Shoals, emikhombeni, ayimigodi, izintaba-mlilo nezinye izici sezwe.

impumuzo

It uyagijima nasogwini eshalofini yezwekazi ewumngcingo band ububanzi oda amakhilomitha angu-100. Emaphethelweni eshalofini ise ukujula kolwandle incane - kusuka ngamamitha 50 200. Kuphela enyakatho ntshonalanga Australia kanye nasogwini Antarctica, kwandisa ukuba 300-500 amamitha. Emthambekeni nezwekazi ngempela emaweni izindawo ezindaweni ezihlukene ngokuphelele izigodi kwamanzi zemifula ezinkulu ezifana iGanges, i-Indus nezinye. Esikhathini sezwe enyakatho-mpumalanga kunalokho okuyisidina kwe-Indian Ocean phansi enlivened Sunda esiqhingini arc. Nangu Sunda Trench, okuyinto wathola i-Indian Ocean ukujula kakhulu. Iphuzu esiphezulu sale emseleni sise 7130 amamitha ngezansi kolwandle.

Emikhulu, izihlahla nezintaba ngobugebengu embhedeni ngoba imicengezi eziningana. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke - Arabian Basin, Afrika ye-Antarctic futhi West Australia. Lezi anemifantu kwakhiwa inamagquma etholakala maphakathi nolwandle, namathafa accumulative, elise Awukude ezwekazini, kulezo zindawo lapho inombolo ezanele engenayo sedimentary impahla.

Phakathi inombolo enkulu emikhulu kuhlaba lubonakale East Indian - ubude bayo imayelana 5000 amakhilomitha. Nokho, ukukhululeka Indian ocean phansi unezinye amabanga abalulekile - West Australian, meridional nabanye. embhedeni ngokucebile nezintaba-mlilo ezihlukahlukene, ngezinye izikhathi ukwakha amaketanga ngisho afanayo mikhulu.

Mid-ocean emikhulu - amagatsha amathathu othi zokhahlamba sokuhlukanisa ocean kusukela maphakathi kuya enyakatho, eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Ububanzi lamagquma zokhahlamba kusuka 400 kuya ku-800 km, ukuphakama - 2-3 amakhilomitha. Impumuzo Indian ocean phansi kule ngxenye libhekene waphuka yonkana lamagquma. Kanye phansi ngokuvamile dengwane ngokuvundlile amakhilomitha angu-400.

Ngokungafani lamagquma, Southeast Indian Ridge - umphini nge emithambekeni mnene, okuyinto ifinyelela ukuphakama ikhilomitha ububanzi izilokotho ezinhle eyodwa nengxenye amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane.

Ikakhulu isakhiwo zomhlaba ka phansi olwandle uzinzile ngempela. izakhiwo ekuthuthukiseni Active luthathe isikhala sincane kakhulu futhi iyangena Indochina isakhiwo esifanayo kanye eMpumalanga Afrika. Lezi macrostructure ezinkulu zihlukaniswe ezincane: amapuleti, emikhulu blocky kanye mlilo, amabhange kanye iziqhingi coral, umkhombe, Amashalofu okubeka zomhlaba we-Indian Ocean umcengezi nabanye.

Phakathi semfene ahlukahlukene unendima enyakatho okhethekile Mascarene Ridge. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuyingxenye ngaphambilini kwakungekaNkulunkulu izwekazi okwase kuyisikhathi eside engasaziwa elisencwadini yasendulo Gondwana.

Isimo sezulu

Area kanye kwe-Indian Ocean ukujula enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ucabange ukuthi isimo sezulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene iyohluka ngokuphelele. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Umbuso wasenyakatho ingxenye yaleli kwesigubhu omkhulu has a sezulu yezimvula. Ehlobo, ngesikhathi ingcindezi encishisiwe ku ezwekazini Asia, amanzi ubuswa ukugeleza eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-air enkabazwe. Ebusika, landscape ubuswa notshwala of tropical emoyeni quba enyakatho-ntshonalanga.

Eningizimu ye-10 degrees eningizimu-latitude sezulu ahamba phezu kolwandle enza iba unomphela okuningi. Esikhathini ezishisayo (futhi zamazwe aphathelene nezindawo ehlobo) isingathwe zindawo ukuhweba imimoya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngo ngokulinganisela - zasezindaweni extratropical ukuthi ukuhambisa usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga. Akuyona into engavamile entshonalanga tropical zindawo iziphepho. Ngokuvamile iyathwalwa ku ihlobo noma ekwindla.

Umoya enyakatho olwandle of ehlobo lifudumeza kuze kube degrees 27. ogwini Afrika kushaywa emoyeni nge lokushisa mayelana 23. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lehliselwa kuncike latitude: eningizimu kungaba ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa, kuthi enyakatho Afrika lokushisa value awehleli ngezansi degrees 20.

Amazinga amanzi incike imisinga. ugu oluhle Afrika bahlanza by wamanje waseSomalia, kokuba lokushisa sasivumela ongaphakeme. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi lokushisa lamanzi kule ndawo igcinwa at degree angaba ngu-22-23. Ngo ocean enyakatho izingqimba engenhla yamanzi angase afinyelele ezingeni lokushisa ka 29 degrees, kuyilapho ezindaweni aseningizimu eduze nogu ka Antarctica, kuyehla kube -1. Yiqiniso, sikhuluma nje mayelana izingqimba engenhla, kusukela aba maningi we-Indian Ocean ukujula, kuya kuba nzima nakakhulu ukwenza iziphetho mayelana lokushisa kwamanzi.

amanzi

Khona-ke lokho kwe-Indian Ocean ukujula, akuphazamisi lemali zezilwandle. Futhi mancane kunanoma iyiphi enye ulwandle. Mediterranean kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela: Olubomvu Arabian Gulf. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona abekelwe emaceleni Sea Arabian, Andaman - valiwe kancane kuphela. Empumalanga, namanzi amaningi we Timor futhi Arafura kukhona ulwandle.

I-swimming pool olwandle basonta emifuleni ngobukhulu ase-Asiya: iGanges, Salween, Brahmaputra, Irvadi, i-Indus, futhi Evfraat Tiger. Phakathi imifula Afrika wukuhlinzeka eLimpopo iZambezi.

Isilinganiso se-Indian Ocean 3897 amamitha ukujula. Futhi lapha kukholamu amanzi eza into eyingqayizivele - ushintsho isiqondiso imisinga. Phakathi nazo zonke ezinye ulwandle ishintshe kusukela unyaka nonyaka, kanti Indian Yebo kuncike imimoya: bona yezimvula ebusika, ehlobo - linqoba.

Kusukela ajulile esuka eLwandle oluBomvu, ePersian Gulf, bacishe bayifunda yonke mass amanzi has a usawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu, umoya-mpilo iphesenti eliphansi.

ogwini

Ngo entshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, ogwini ogxile anesihlabathi, kuyilapho enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasempumalanga - zomdabu. Njengoba sekushiwo, indawo esogwini okwakwakhiwe cishe bushelelezi, sihlehliswe kakhulu kabi cishe ubude lonke komzimba namanzi. Okuwukuphela engxenyeni esenyakatho - lena lapho bagxila kakhulu Olwandle, ephethwe yi-Indian Ocean umcengezi.

izakhamuzi

Kunalokho elincane e-Indian Ocean ukujula avareji inama bemikhakha ehlukahlukene abamele isilwane nemifino imihlaba. I-Indian Ocean isendaweni izindawo ezindaweni ezishisayo sisivivi. emanzini angajulile agcwele amakhorali futhi hydrocorals, phakathi lapho ekhaya lenqwaba izinhlobo ezingenamgogodla. Lokhu izibungu izinkalankala sea urchin zidla, starfish nezinye izilwane. Okungenani eziningi egqamile inhlanzi yasendaweni eshisayo bakhosele lezi zindawo. Coast ocebile imihlume, okuyinto ixazululwe mudskipper - le nhlanzi angaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi.

Izimila nezilwane emabhishi, le kungasaziwa elithandwa, wayecebe kakhulu, njengoba imisebe eshisayo kwelanga ubhubhise konke ukuphila lapha. zone esipholile ngalo mqondo wehlukile kakhulu: lapha ukukhetha ocebile ulwelwe ezingenamgogodla.

Olwandle evulekile ocebile ngisho ngaphezulu izidalwa eziphilayo - abameleli kokubili isilwane nemifino imihlaba.

Izilwane main - lokhu ezinamagobolondo copepods. Abangaphezu kwekhulu zama-ezimpilweni zabo e-Indian Ocean. Pteropods, siphonophores, jellyfish nezinye ezingenamgogodla cishe lilingane kwezinhlobo. Ngo amanzi olwandle umdlalo kwezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlanzi flying, oshaka, anchovies luminescent, tuna, ulwandle izinyoka. Imikhomo pinnipedes, ulwandle izimfudu, ama-dugong engengaphansi ezivamile kulolu lwandle.

Izakhamuzi enezimpiko ethulwa albatross, frigates nezinhlobo eziningana penguin.

amaminerali

Ngo amanzi Indian Ocean isakhiwa uwoyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ocebile olwandle manganese imikhando, phosphate, izinto umanyolo zokusetshenziswa for Umanyolo yokulima.