Isiqhingi yeSumatra. Indonesia esiqhingini: indawo kanye nencazelo

Indonesia - isimo ngobukhulu eNingizimu-West Asia - lutho ngokuthi izwe ayinkulungwane iziqhingi. Ubethula welulela phezu ingxenye New Guinea naseziqhingini Molukskih Sunda, enkulu kunazo zonke zazo - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, yeSumatra, esiqhingini Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali nabanye. Iziqhingi ezintathu Indonesia afakiwe phezulu eziyisithupha emhlabeni.

ipharadesi elishisayo

Islands-Indonesian kukhona ukhaphethi variegated zabantu ukuxuba, amasiko, namathafa ezahlukene, izingxenye zezulu. Omunye okurarako iyona yeSumatra, abaningi abawubiza ngokuthi izwekazi in yesikhumbuzo. Kukhona ezishisayo eyihlanze, fens nezintaba eziphakeme. Esiqhingini iyikhaya obhejane nezindlovu, amahlosi kanye izingwe, amabhele nezinyathi - nezilwane ezinkulu, hhayi eziyizici iziqhingi.

isikhundla ezindawo

YeSumatra - kwesinye seziqhingi ezinkulu kunazo zonke Malay Archipelago. It osuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga i-1,800 km. Le ndawo engenabantu kulesi siqhingi - 421 000 km ^2. Wasungula simiso izintaba, abeke phambili kude entshonalanga. Amaphuzu eliphakeme kukhona at ibanga 30-50 km kuyi-Indian Ocean. Abanaso amagama. I izindawo eningizimu zaziwa ngokuthi Barisan Ukhahlamba, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye siqhingi imele yaqanjwa amaBatak ezinkangala.

Emhlabeni "umama" yalesi siqhingi behlaliswe izwe abe izindawo ezincane zokusebenzela. On the ingxenye Indian Ocean zikleliswe parallel yeSumatra ezigqagqene endaweni enezintaba: mentawai, Nias, Ang. Kanye ogwini olusempumalanga welulela Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Yaba Simalur eziyihlazo (Simeulue) - esiqhingini Indonesian entshonalanga yeSumatra. Ngo-2004, it hit ogwini-tsunami giant.

eduze kakhulu, enyakatho-mpumalanga, elitholakala Peninsula Malay - ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi lase-Asia. YeSumatra ihlukanisa Strait of Malacca. Nazi imizila yemikhumbi: langu- impahla emikhunjini ocebile bakhangwa pirates wangempela ngekhulu xxi, aphanga imikhumbi. East, 420 km, kuyinto "mfowethu big" - esiqhingini Borneo (Kalimantan). Phakathi "umndeni" uya Karimata Strait. I elinabantu abaningi kakhulu esiqhingini Indonesia Java, ehlukanisiwe yeSumatra Sunda Strait ububanzi 25 km.

Ephendula umbuzo othi "iphi yeSumatra" zingaphendulwa nje: phakathi kwe-Australia nase-Asia. Futhi uma ngokunembile - ekude entshonalanga Malay Archipelago, unxantathu phakathi Java, Kalimantan futhi Peninsula Malay.

nokwakheka

kwamiswa ezintabeni Sumatran ngokwengxenye kule Hercynian, ngokwengxenye le Mesozoic futhi Paleogene alo kamuva, banayo ezineminyaka osenyameni longitudinal. Basuke eyakhiwa quartzites, schists, limestones ka Paleozoic ubudala, kukhona okukhiphayo egwadle intrusions. Ukuphakama isilinganiso ezintabeni - kusuka 1500 kuya ku-3000 m.

Ridge Barisan ihlukaniswe longitudinal zone amaphutha grabens izifunda ezimbili ngokulinganisa. Lesi siqhingi sethiwa isipikili Izigaxa eziningi ka nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye yokuqothulwa, phakathi okuyinto ivelele ngokucacile le ntaba-mlilo eliphakeme ESumatra -. Kerinci (Indrapura), ukuphakama 3800 amamitha kulandelwa Dempo (3159 m) kanye Marapi (2891 m). Nambili imidondoshiya ekhona.

Phakathi angomakhelwane yeSumatra futhi Java Sunda Strait ukufihla stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo zako ziyizindlela ezingavamile, kodwa kukhona ekubhujisweni inhlekelele. Umsebenzi Last laligujwa lapha ngo-1999. Ngo 1927-1929 GG. ngenxa kwamanzi ukuqhuma kwakhiwa esiqhingini Anak-Krakatoa. Kodwa lapho kuqhuma 1883 cishe wabhubhisa isiqhingi kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu - kuqhuma kwezwakala wonke amazwekazi, kathathu ziyazula Earth.

impumuzo

Ngokungafani eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-zokhahlamba, empumalanga yeSumatra kuyinto emathafeni esikhulu exhaphozini anesihlabathi. Isici kwendawo wukuthi ingxenye namagagasi ugu enezikhukhula. phansi Lapha evundile lomhlume bamahlathi. YeSumatra, Isiqhingi Bank futhi Belitung ocebile izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene amaminerali: uwoyela, amalahle, igolide, manganese, insimbi, nickel, ithini.

Isimo sezulu

qoqo leziqhingi Malay kumephu Itholakala zone bhé phakathi kwe-Asia nase-Australia. Isimo sezulu zinomswakama. Inzika yeSumatra izindawo idlula 3500-3800 mm (kuziwa 6000 mm), noma ehlatshwa Ukuboshelwa. A semali imvula okubangelwa isithiyo entabeni esisuka kanye sonke leso siqhingi. umswakama Maximum awe October no-November kuya enyakatho yenkabazwe, futhi ngo-December nango-January - eningizimu-ke. Enyakatho, inkathi ne kwezulu kancane eshiwo ngokucacile ezingaphezu kuka eningizimu. lokushisa Ukhululekile - 25-27 degrees cishe unyaka wonke, kodwa yona isithombe enhle i nomswakama emangalisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Esikhathini olusempumalanga ye siqhingi eStraits of Malacca ngokuvamile imimoya enamandla nishaye empumalanga. Befinyelela amandla esiphezulu ngesikhathi sanoma inkathi yezimvula eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu isiphepho, ephelezelwa nokuduma, waphawula ebusuku - ngokusobala, lokhu kunomthelela yokhalo saseSumatra kuyoshaya parallel Strait of Malacca.

amaxhaphozi

Iziqhingi Indonesia, ngenxa imvula obuningi, umswakama ngokweqile. Unalokhu iningi ezifundeni emifuleni eminingi agobhoze. Ayikho ngaphandle naseSumatra: umfula inethiwekhi aminyene ngokwanele, ukusakaza musa wome ungakapheli nonyaka, lakhukhula entabeni eziningi inzika. Imifula elikhulu lakulesi siqhingi kukhona Muse, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

Lesi siqhingi amachibi amaningi. Maphakathi yaqanjwa amaBatak esezinkangala tuff e umcengezi wentaba-mlilo kuyinto ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Indonesia - LaseToba, esiqhingini Samosir phakathi. Ngesinye isikhathi lapho yayikhona ehlukile Batak ubukhulu, ozalo, ngokusho legend, bazinza kulo yeSumatra. Leli chibi itholakala endaweni engamamitha 904 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Area - kuka 1000 km ² nokujula esiphezulu - 433 metres. Nasi cool, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. On the Asahan umfula owawuphuma kwesigubhu, eyakhelwe amandla kagesi nge 000 kW umthamo 320.

Ikhava inhlabathi

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nenhlabathi kukhona laterites podzolized ukuthi akhiwa koqweqwe weathering. On yasehlanzeni ezintabeni inhlabathi emelelwa eyodwa laterite entabeni. Empumalanga, band ububanzi esisuka anesihlabathi kanye izimbuku nenhlabathi, futhi emincane nomdweshu wezwe elisogwini - lomhlume.

izimila

Isikhundla ezindawo saseSumatra enkabazwe kunomthelela amahlathi emvula aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo, hlala isikhala esithe xaxa. izindawo Ngeshwa, ezigodini emfuleni, emathafeni futhi emigodini entabeni izindawo ezinkulu amahlathi uyanqunywa, ithuthukiswe Batshale izilimo. Esiqhingini is kabanzi kutshalwa izihlahla zenjoloba irayisi, kakhukhunathi entendeni, ugwayi, itiye, ukotini, pepper.

Lezi zilwane zasehlathini ezivamile:

• rasamaly futhi wamafeyi;
• Kunezinhlobo eziningi izihlahla: ushukela, Palmyra, nut, Iskariyothe Rattan; e sifinyelela engezansi emifuleni nasemaxhaphozini - nipa; kakhukhunathi - ogwini lolwandle;
• yasekuqaleni zohlinzamfuku, bamboos omkhulu (kufika ku 30-40 m ukuphakama), amorphous-sendawo futhi Falus amagciwane Rafflesia.

Ngo olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ubuswa imihlume ephansi amanga. On the ayimigodi intermountain izindawo ezincane elalihlala amathafa. Endaweni engamamitha 1.5-3 km amahlathi ezivamile nge predominance of siluhlaza izihlahla (umfire, oki), kukhona AmaConifers, lezihlahla ezibanzi enezicabha (onsundu, Maple) izihlahla. Ngenhla 3000 m amahlathi akhale scrubby amahlozi lezihlahla, izihlahla kanye utshani.

nezilwane

Isiqhingi nezilwane ikakhulukazi emelelwa zilwane zasehlathini. Sumatran jungle babé Mecca for eco-izivakashi abafuna ukuhlangana ukuphila komunye kwezinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezinkawu omkhulu - orangutan.

Futhi ejwayelekile ezincelisayo yizona wezinkawu (Lory awugqinsi, Siamang, Southern macaque ingulube-tailed, brownie Rhesus) COLUGO, izibankwa, amaphrotheni, izimbila, amalulwane. Phakathi izakhamuzi ezinkulu abelwe obhejane esinezimpondo ezimbili, indlovu Indian, Sumatran ihlosi, tapir Malayan, ingwe, ingulube ezimthende, isiqhingi Weaver, bear Malay, inja zasendle.

Phakathi izinyoni gomray ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, Argus, boatbill, nezinhlobo eziningana amajuba. Kulaba ezihuquzelayo esiqhingini kuthiwa kutholakale flying Dragons gavials (izingwenya), izinyoka. Of izilwane zasemhlabeni legless imele caecilians. Baningi izinambuzane ezahlukene, arachnids.

supervolcano ithule

YeSumatra Isiqhingi kumephu akuyona okuningi ezahlukene kusukela emazweni angomakhelwane, kodwa lapha iminyaka 73.000 edlule kuvele inhlekelele yendalo yonke eseduze epochal eyashintsha umlando Zomhlaba. Supervolcano ukuqhuma eyaqanjwa ukuvela okuthiwa ebusika mlilo, efana zenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho u 3000 km ³ umlotha emkhathini eseke omningi anhydride, sokucasuka okwandile acid imvula.

Eminyakeni eyisithupha emhlabeni, waba ngukumkani lokushisa ngokungavamile ongaphakeme, izimvula acid owabhubhisa kwezimila. yeminyaka Okwalandela libhekene ukuqala Ukupholisa kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Ngenxa yalokho sabantu esikhulu abantu abasinda kuphela uhlakaniphile kakhulu - cishe 10 000 amalungu zinhlobo Homo sapiens enhliziyweni Afrika. Eqinisweni, inhlekelele yemvelo ezaba nomthelela "alufakwa" ukuthuthukiswa ingqondo wawobaba.

echibini LaseToba

YeSumatra - siqhingi esimangalisayo esikuyo zemvelo. Ecwebezelayo kakhulu Luhambo Geological kanye namasiko echibini Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni wentaba-mlilo LaseToba, egcwele wentaba giant ukuthi supervolcano kakhulu. Ubukhulu balo (ubude - 100 km, ububanzi - 30 km, ukujula - 505 m) ukuvumela ichibi libe elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Indonesia futhi wesibili (ngemva eChibini laseTonle Sap) eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

IChibi LaseToba lingamakhilomitha esiqhingini olunothile Samosir. Idume kwenkundla Amazing, nemvelo, isiko eyiqiniso. Azisekho amaSulumane kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu owanibiza yaqanjwa amaBatak. Bona - amaKristu kufanele abe ehlukile kakhulu abantu ngamasiko, ubuciko kanye ikakhulukazi izakhiwo. Samosir mncane impela, ubude ugu lwayo - 111 km. Kodwa kulendawo encane organically okwaziyo futhi athuthukiswe izikhungo izivakashi, futhi "isetshenzwe" yemvelo landscape nokuphila kwansuku abalimi Sumatran.

Nakuba amanzi ahlanzekile e LaseToba, ngale, blue, namathafa ezizungezile futhi microclimate okusikhumbuza ogwini Mediterranean. Breaks lokhu kuhambisana kuphela ukungabi khona amagagasi amakhulu, okuyinto zabahamba eziningi kuyinzuzo enkulu.

labantu

E-Indonesia kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-300, kuyilapho akhawunti zezilimi zezilimi eziphilayo 719 zezigodi. Mayelana 90% izakhamuzi, kuhlanganise ESumatra - amaSulumane. Abantu abahlala kulezi ziqhingi abanengi bayazi Indonesian, oneminyaka engu-50 kuphela ubudala. Iletha ndawonye abantu nobuzwe kuleli zwe, ifundiswa ezikoleni, ke obusa ithelevishini futhi emaphephandabeni.

Ngo esifundeni entshonalanga (Bank, yeSumatra, mentawai Islands, iqoqo leziqhingi Ling nabanye) kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50, abakhuluma izilimi 52. Ngo enyakatho nasempumalanga saseSumatra naseziqhingini eziningi ubuswa Malays eningizimu - the isi-Javanese. Chinese Tamils basuke bagxila izikhungo ezisemadolobheni.

Emadolobheni siphile esingaphansi ingxenye yesithathu yomphakathi wabantu. izindawo amakhulu:

• Medan - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.1 (2010).
• Palembang - 1.5 million (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - 1.15 million (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Enkabeni yenkangala futhi ezungeze iChibi LaseToba inabantu emangalisayo - Batak. Okokuqala, wamangala ezakhiwe kumnandi: ezintathu storey izindlu okusikhumbuza umkhumbi kaNowa. Izakhamuzi Bomdabu ukuchaza ukuthi esitezi sokuqala ngabe imfuyo ngaphambilini emahlathini kwaba eningi izilwane zasendle, ngakho kwakhiwa indlu "ezinyaweni zakhe" (phezu kwezingodo) ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka. Eliphezulu siphile umndeni, kanye elisophahleni lwendlu - imimoya. Nakuba Batak - amaKristu umoya abakholelwa ngempela, ngoba ubukhulu attics lingadlula ngisho eyokuqala sesibili ndawonye. Ekhaya Batak (eziqhingini zabo ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-6) ukukhuluma ulimi lwabo, kodwa iningi ungumnikazi kazwelonke Indonesian. Abantu abaningi ukuqonda isiNgisi.