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Umlando ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa ikhompyutha

Ezamakhompiyutha baye edingekayo. Ziyakwazi yonke indawo: emakhaya, emafektri, emahhovisi kanye nezimoto ... thina ngezinye izikhathi musa noma ucabange, kuze kufike umlando ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer kuyinto enezici futhi ecebile izinsuku zomlando. Kuze kube manje, Kunezinhlobo ezine izizukulwane amakhompyutha.

Isizukulwane sokuqala kwaba besiyoba sikhulu (elikhulu ngezindinganiso lanamuhla) umshini. Ngaphandle umsebenzi unjiniyela German Zuse (okungukuthi, edala computer yokuqala ngo-1941, kodwa imisebenzi nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada), ukhokho wabo amakhompyutha wanamuhla uyisibonakaliso "UMarku-1" (1943). Lo mshini kudingeka ihholo elikhulu futhi lalinabashumayeli 800 km izintambo, abangaphezu kuka-3,300 ayizinkulungwane. Udlulisela futhi kudliwe Computing amakhulu kilowatts kukagesi. Sisebenzisa le amakhompyutha izibalo lempi.

Kodwa-ke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umlando amathekhiniki ikhompyutha isizukulwane angizange kuqale "UMarku mina». Idethi yokuqala kwalo eqoshiwe ngo-1946. Khona-ke computer iyoba esekelwe electronic cleaner amashubhu. It has a ENIAC isakhiwo esinjalo. Ngobukhulu kwakucishe njengezakuqala, "UMarku", kodwa obonisa obunamandla (ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane izikhathi). Imoto kwenzakala onentshisekelo, enamandla, ezintsha, kodwa okungokoqobo. Ukuze afeze izibalo edingekayo amahora ambalwa ukuze afeze usuke izintambo ezithile. Idivayisi ingenzi lutho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer yaqhubeka futhi umqondo omusha - "nezinto zikagesi" ezingase isebenze kukhompyutha. Base computer engiwufunayo isizukulwane lalinabashumayeli capacitors, resistors kanye cleaner amashubhu electronic.

Umlando imishini computer production ezifuywayo iqala ngo-1951, sibonga SA Lebedev. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi SECM, elaba ngemva lokuqedwa BESM-2. Ngemva kwesikhashana eSoviet Union kuyinto computer enamandla kunawo wonke eYurophu sidaliwe nge igama M-20, okuyinto kaningi waphuma ohlelweni lwabo futhi kudingeka ukusevisa udondolo elikhulu onjiniyela.

Isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha yesibili iqala nge kokusungulwa nokusetshenziswa Transistor kuqala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umlando ubuchwepheshe bama-computer kwaqala ukuba bathole isivinini ehluke ngokuphelele. ikhompyutha Base baba esekelwe izakhi Semiconductor. I Transistor kwaba ngezinye izikhathi amane ukusebenza izibani electronic, icwecwe futhi engabizi. Sekuvele kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ephrintiwe wesifunda ibhodi. Ngo-1965, Digital Equipment Company wasungula compact (!) Computer, izilinganiso okuyizinto kancane efrijini kancane capacious. Lalibizwa ngokuthi isimangaliso PDP-8 futhi angizisoli ayizinkulungwane 20. Dollars.

Nakuba ephathekayo PDP-8, wamangaza wonke umuntu nge ukusebenza kwakhe ngesikhathi esifanayo kuvela ukuthuthukiswa amakhompyutha oyisizukulwane sesithathu (ekupheleni 1960 - iminyaka engu-70). Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa wokuqala wesifunda ihlanganiswe (Johane Killebrew 1958). On the Silicon esilucwecwana elise transistors nebudlelwano bawo. Ukukhiqiza - emakhulwini ezinkulungwane izigidi imisebenzi ngomzuzwana.

Ngo-1968, ukushicilelwa computer yokuqala okuhlangene wesifunda - IBM-360. Ngo-1970, Intel oluqalisa inkumbulo izifunda zalo ehlangene. Njalo ngonyaka izingxenye ukusebenza anda okungenani kabili, endaweni busebenze noma musa ukushintsha, noma ekubeni ezincane. Lokhu kwanika negalelo ekuthuthukiseni kwesizukulwane sesine amakhompyutha.

Ngo-1970, inkampani Intel (Marsciano Edward Hoff) lolwakha ngowokuqala Analogue CPU computer esikhulu. Ngo-1970 liqhubeka ukudayiswa ngaphansi kwegama-Intel 4004. Lapho usayizi 3 cm beyithela amakhompyutha ezintathu "Mark II». Ukuthuthukiswa microprocessors waya angabacwasi ngokushesha, okwenza ukuba ukudala Computing imishini okwahlangatshezwana esetshenziselwa ukuthayipha, Computing kanye lula ezimali. Ngenxa abantu abafana S. noB Imisebenzi Wozniak (abasunguli «Apple Computer») umlando ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer waqala uxhumana amadivayisi kubasebenzisi elula. Manje abantu abavamile angenza ukuba bagcine ngokushesha kangakanani okwandisa ukukhiqiza, izinhlelo ezintsha, kanye nokunye. Ngu ekupheleni-yalolucwaningo 70 ukusabalala -computer abo siqu lithole inzuzo emangalisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngenxa isenzo esebenzayo kanye zokukhwabanisa ngobuciko of ekuhwebeni bezinkampani ezinkulu, intokazi American Bill Geyts uye recaptures ngempumelelo okulungile Microsoft ukuthuthukisa isofthiwe. ukuthengiselana ngempumelelo kanye Nelungelo ngesikhathi esifanele software, kuhlanganise i-Windows, i-Microsoft wenza isikhathi eside kwi-umholi baqaphela zonke emhlabeni IT ubuchwepheshe, ekuqedeni lwaleli-imbangi - Apple nkampani.

Isizukulwane sesine ethuthuka kuze kube yilolu suku. Umlando ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa ikhompyutha uyaqhubeka. amakhompyutha zanamuhla zihlukile kuphela ukuthi zonke izilimi eziningi isetshenziselwa ulwazi uswidi.

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