Uighur Khanate: umlando, Kusukela saba khona, lo nokwahlukana

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, umlando asazile eziningi uthi, zihlukaniswa e nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo bemibuso namandla ezempi, kodwa iyafana esiteji emhlabeni esenziwa labo noma ezinye izizathu inhloso. Ezinye Ngishoné lwanyamalala, kusale noluncane nezinye imemori usekhona imibhalo yesandla yasendulo. Esinye sazo kwakungu-the-Uighur Khanate, obabukhona e VIII-IX eminyaka on ensimini yase-Asia Ephakathi.

Abantu ku "ezinqoleni okusezingeni eliphezulu"

Esikhathini sakudala kwa- Asia Ephakathi uvele Uighur Khanate, wangena umfelandawonye tribal wayaziwa e China. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ke atholakala amarekhodi ebhaliwe Empire Celestial, wadala ngekhulu IV. Ziyakwazi Uyghurs esiqokiwe eside, kukhulunywa ngokuthi "gaogyuy", okusho ukuthi "inqola abade".

Leli gama bevuka ukuze yomkhuba wawo ezihambayo yonkana asemaqeleni e izinqola, amasondo ahamba okusezingeni eliphezulu. Bomlando Chinese wachaza Uighurs njengenhlangano abantu undersized, kodwa uqine kakhulu futhi aqine, zihlukaniswa unya kakhulu nokuhaha. Kwathiwa waphawula ngamakhono abo bamahhashi nokutholakala umnsalo.

Kumiswa Khanate entsha

Insimu uhlalwe izizwe Uighur Khanate, noma, ngamanye amazwi, Khanate, ezavela Maphakathi nekhulu VIII, kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, kwakunamabandla amathathu enye imfundo zakuqala-ayimizulane. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba Khanate, esungulwe ngonyaka 323 kule Khangai Ukhahlamba, ikhona ezweni okuqondene Mongolia yesimanje.

Njengoba likhona iminyaka kungekho ezingaphezu kuka-200 ubudala, wanikeza indlela eya Kaganate yesibili futhi akazange ahlale esiteji zomlando, futhi 603 izizwe wabhubhisa abaseTurkey, eholwa umholi bohlobo lwe-Ashinov. It sakhiwa amathathu imfundo tribal - Basmil, Karluk futhi Uighurs. Ukuba contact njalo China, abagcinanga baba namasosha akhe, kodwa futhi waboleka okusemandleni akhe, ngesikhathi, uhlelo zokuphatha.

Ukuqala umlando we-Uighur Khanate ubhekwa iminyaka 745 ubudala, ngenxa acute umzabalazo phakathi kwezizwe ashaqe umholi amandla emndenini bohlobo Yaglakar okuthiwa Bilge (ngomfanekiso wakhe ngezansi). Naye wayengumuntu Uighur, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isimo wadala ukuba uthole awabo, wehlela emlandweni igama.

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi Uighur State

Kuyadingeka ukuba ngincome umbusi: isi-Uyghur Khaganate edala kumigomo yeningi ngokwanele futhi ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka amasiko ngesihluku kwenkathi. Bilge imisebenzi eyisisekelo zokuphatha esiphathiswe abamele izizukulwane eziyishumi, akha isizwe toguz Oguz, egcwele ehamba phambili, kodwa hhayi alawula isimo.

Basmil ukuphoqa yokuchitha ukumelana, wabanikela isingaba namalungelo afanayo izihlobo lakubo lendabuko. Ngisho isizwe ezincane ezifana KIBI Tongra, hun, Ukunqwamana nabanye abaningana, bathunjelwa imvelo jikelele i nokuwumisa alinganayo. Lapho kwaba umzabalazo engaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili 'ngokumelene Karluk isi-Uyghur Khanate, eyathatha ngezikhathi Bilge ngemva kokufa, egqoké equalized nge toguz-Oguz, ekutholeni ngokwabo e isitebhisi efanayo social.

Le ndlela kudivayisi yangaphakathi enikeziwe kuye ukuzinza lokuqala okwanele. bezizwe ezincane ngesikhathi esifanayo banamalungelo afanayo njengoba isizwe eziholayo Uighur Khanate. Impi ne abaseTurkey, nezinye izinto ayimizulane kwasicinisa kwalesi sibopho.

indawo Ukuze ukubheja yakhe Bilge Khan amkhethile itholakala phakathi unyawo Hang futhi umfula Orkhon. Ngokuvamile, impahla yaso, emngceleni ne China, entshonalanga embozwe Dzungaria - abalulekile endaweni yabo insimu yase-Asia Ephakathi, futhi empumalanga - ingxenye Manchuria. Ukuze uthole olunye uzuza indawo Uighurs akafunanga. Maphakathi nekhulu VIII abantu asemaqeleni kwadingeka ukhathele uthuthumele esidlule.

Indlalifa emandleni ophakeme

Ngemva kokufa Bilge Khan, ilandelwe engu 747, amandla ophakeme kunabo bonke Isi-Uyghur Khaganate wadlulela indodana yakhe Mayanchuru, kodwa njengelungelo lawo lezinceku ayenakho ukuvikela ngendlela igazi kuliwa. Isikhathi wokugcina wokubusa kayise kwaphawulwa kwavela eduze kwakhe emibuthanweni ukuphikiswa awanelisekile nenqubo osungulwe futhi walindela ithuba abavukelayo.

Sibambe kokufa umbusi, yavusa ukuhlubuka phakathi abaholi Basmil Kurluk, kanjalo ukukhulula yombango. Engenalo nelincane kungenzeka akuqede ekumelaneni Mayanchur waphoqeleka ukuba iphendukele usizo ongabazi - amaTatar futhi kidonyan. Kodwa izazimlando ziye zaphawula ukuthi indima ebalulekile i-ukuphethwa ngempumelelo kwezinsolo empini kudlalwa ikhono lakhe ukuthola zonke nzima izimo ukuyekethisa.

Ivumela ngaleyo ndlela umbuso wakhona, Mayanchur waqhubekela ilungiselelo isimo. Waqala lapho edala ibutho zeselula oqeqeshwe kahle. Kuyinto isidingo ngqangi njengoba Uighur Khanate owawukhona phakathi nempi, njalo ukhombisa lonke elase-Asia Ephakathi. Kodwa, ngokungafani noyise, lo mbusi osemusha wazikhandla ukuze sandise Holdings zabo.

imikhankaso Military Mayanchura

Ngakho, ekuqaleni kuka-750, wathumba lisekuqaleni komfula wase-Umfula Yenisei, yanqoba isizwe abahlala lapho Abadlali ababelingisa, futhi ekwindla wahlasela AmaTatar, selivshimsya e Western Manchuria. Ngonyaka olandelayo, yokunqoba kwakhe kwanezelwa umhlaba Kyrgyz, Umncele imingcele enyakatho-ntshonalanga Khanate. Eqhubeka isiko uyise, Mayanchur wanika abamele abantu yayinqoba wamalungelo alinganayo nabanye izakhamuzi isimo.

Kuvele esiteji ebalulekile emlandweni we-Uighur Khanate ukuhlinzeka kubo lempi usizo ummeleli China Tang Dynasty. Iqiniso liwukuthi e 755, omunye izinduna eliqavile Chinese Army-An Lushan ehlubuka futhi kwaholela lamabutho eziningi, kwakheka ikakhulu abaseTurkey, athumba kokubili inhloko-dolobha Celestial Empire - Chang'an futhi Luoyang. Ngenxa yalokho, uMbusi kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ukucela usizo kusukela kubangani bayo Uighurs.

Mayanchur basabela obizweni, kabili ethunyelwe China ne ibutho izinkulungwane 5. Professionals namabutho cishe 10000th asizayo. Lokhu kwasindisa Tang lwamakhosi, futhi wamsiza ukuba abambelele emandleni, kodwa isevisi olunikezwa Uighurs, kwadingeka bakhokhe ngegolide.

isamba Okuningi ezinkulu kukhokhelwe kuKesari ukuba abavikeli zakhe phumani endaweni yaseChina ne ayeke kuphangwa. Ukusebenza lempi ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula ezweni elingumakhelwane is kakhulu ahlanganiswe Khanate kanye nomthelela omuhle kwezomnotho.

Ukwamukelwa ukholo Manichaean

Esinye isigaba ebalulekile emlandweni we-Uighur Khanate weza, ngokuvumelana zemihla ngemihla efanayo Chinese, e 762, futhi wayenethemba engahlangene ngokunqoba lempi kanye nabantu bakhe ixhumana okholweni Manichaean. umshumayeli wakhe owaba isithunywa sevangeli ukuba sikhulume ecacile ngolimi Uighurs Sogdian bahlangana nabo ngesikhathi ukushaywa uMbuso Celestial.

Inkolo Mani, noma ngenye indlela Manichaeism ludabuka ezindaweni III ekhulwini eBhabhiloni, yashesha abalandeli bakhe emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane imfundiso yakhe, siphawula ukuthi kuphela eNyakatho Afrika ngaphambi ukwamukelwa of Christianity, Manichaeism washumayela esizayo Saint Augustine, e-Europe ke kuye kwavula lokuhlubuka Yama-Albigenses, futhi uma emhlabeni Iranian, aphakanyisiwe kuye eMpumalanga Ekude.

Ukuba nenkolo isimo Uighurs, Manichaeism wabanika yisisusa esinamandla ukuze intuthuko impucuko. Ngoba kwakuhlobene eduze ne isiko, ingeyamakhosi uthi okuthuthukile Sogd elise-Asia Ephakathi, ulimi Sogdian eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa belingana ne Turkic Uighurs futhi wanikeza ithuba ukudala izincwadi zazo kazwelonke. Wavumela bakhona izolo ukuze ujoyine isiko Iran, bese wonke iMedithera.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngofuzo izikhathi amasiko ngowezizwe ka-Uighur Khanate, naphezu imiphumela emihle nkolo entsha futhi osungulwe ubuhlobo kwamasiko, ngokuyinhloko azishintshile futhi ubudlova kuyindlela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi. It is ngokukhethekile eyaziwa ukuthi ezinkathini ezimbili ezahlukene isikhathi umbusi yawela kusukela ababulali, futhi oyedwa wazibulala, ezungezwe isixuku ababhikishi.

Tuva iyingxenye ye-Uighur Khanate

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu VIII le Uighurs kabili wazama ukuthatha indawo okuqondene zaseTuva, futhi wazama ukuba ngahlule izizwe ababehlala khona Abadlali ababelingisa. Kwakunzima kakhulu, ngoba babesendaweni umfelandawonye nomakhelwane bayo enyakatho - Kyrgyz - futhi ancike bakusekele. Ngokwabacwaningi kakhulu, ukuthi usizo omakhelwane iye yabangela ukwehluleka we Uighurs futhi umholi wabo Moyun-Chura ngesikhathi umkhankaso wokuqala.

eyodwa kuphela esingangonyaka kamuva, ngenxa ukunqoba Battle of eMfuleni Bolchu, Uighur ibutho ephethwe izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo ukungawi Abadlali ababelingisa Kyrgyz kanye nabangani babo. Ukuze ekugcineni bathole ukusizakala endaweni ayenqotshiwe, Moyun-Chura ngaphambilini ukwakha uchungechunge izinqaba kanye nezinhlaka ukuzivikela, kanye nokumiswa zasemizaneni lempi kwakukhona. Njengengxenye Uighur Khanate zaseTuva kwaba kuze kube ukuwa kwakhe, emaphethelweni enyakatho esentshonalanga yezwe.

Izingxabano uMbuso Celestial

Engxenyeni ekhulwini VIII yesibili, kakhulu saba sibi elala China Khanate. Ikakhulukazi lubonakale kwaba kanye ngonyaka ka-778 ukuze amandla kwafika kuKesari Detszun (ngomfanekiso wakhe ngezansi), kungubutha kakhulu Uighurs futhi akacabangi ukuthi kudingekile ukuba ufihle antipathy yabo. Amalungelo kuleyo minyaka e kaganate Idigan Khan, befuna uyiphoqa kuhanjiswa, saqoqa ibutho lempi futhi ehlaselwa ezisenyakatho lizwe.

Nokho, akazange Ayaqaphela ukuthi njengoba iminyaka ihamba, njengoba Uighurs ukulondolozwa kwamalungelo e China Tang BakwaHan, baseChina kukhuphuke ngo-elinabantu abacela esigidini, futhi ngenxa yalokho, anda ubukhulu yempi. Ngenxa yalokho adventure alo ezempi kushabalele futhi kuzobalwa kuphela babhebhethekisa ubutha mutual.

Nokho, ngemva kwalokho empini Tibet zaphoqa umbusi Chinese ukucela usizo kuya-Uighur bamzonda, nalabo ngenkokhelo ukunikeza kuye nge akuxhomekile ngokwanele amabutho anamandla. Awe-Reining sisebenza iminyaka emithathu Tibet futhi kwaphazamiseka ukuhlaselwa kwabo ku North-China, i-Uighurs wathola umqashi wakhe linani lelifanele igolide, kodwa lapho ebuya ekhaya ngemva kwempi, sibhekene nenkinga engalindelekile.

Ukuqala yemibango yangaphakathi

Ngokuthumela umkhankaso, amabutho akhe Idigan Khan babengazi ukuthi phakathi kwezizwe zakwa ezenze labantu Khanate, amaningi akugcini nje ngokuba ukuzwelana nabaseTibet, kodwa futhi kufanele igazi izibopho nabo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubuyela enqobile ezivela kwamanye amazwe, baphoqeleka Uighurs ekhaya ukucindezela nezibhelu Kwagqashuka wonke indawo, owavulwa yi Karluk futhi Turgish.

Inani labantu ababebuka i- Khanate Warriors akuqede ukumelana kwawo, njengasendabeni emva kwabo ehlubuka Kyrgyz ukugcina kuze kube yileso sikhathi yokuzimela, kodwa bayisebenzisa kahle le Ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezombangazwe ukuqedela ngokuhlukana. Ngo 816, isimo wadala ngenxa yezingxabano zombango, ngakusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuba nabaseTibet, engashiyi ithemba okuziphindiselela ngoba ukunqotshwa yakamuva Uighurs. Luqondane isikhathi lapho amabutho eyinhloko Khanate, nengxenye nokucindezela kuvukela, ivuliwe emngceleni osenyakatho isimo, bahlasela inhlokodolobha Karakorum Uighuria futhi aphanga konke bengasakwazi ukuthwala, wasishisa.

ezimpini zenkolo ishanelwe Khanate

I nokwahlukana alandelayo Uighur Khanate bafika phakathi nekhulu IX, nomthelela kuyenyuka ngemnyaka separatist inhliziyo phakathi kwezizwe zakwa ngelakhe. Indima ebalulekile ukudedelwa umehluko zabo ezingokwenkolo ukudlala, nje Uighurs baba into eyinhloko inzondo jikelele.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi Uighur Khanate yayikhona ngesikhathi lapho phakathi kwezizwe asemaqeleni Asia Ephakathi kwaba inqubo ushintsho ukholo. Nomads waboleka sinesimo sengqondo zenkolo ziqhamuka Iran, Syria kanye Arabia, kodwa kwenzeka kancane kakhulu, ngaphandle ingcindezi evela ngaphandle. Ngakho, kancane kancane kwavela phakathi kwabathi kubo ubuKristu likaNestoria,, ubuBuddha futhi theistic (wenkolo yobuBuddha, okuyinto uyakuqaphela uMdali wezulu nomhlaba). Ezimweni lapho izizwe ezihlukahlukene ayimizulane baba omakhelwane engaphansi qinile bamane yafuna nokukhokhwa inkokhiso, futhi abazange bazame ukushintsha lonke uhla sempilo yalelozwe.

Ngokuqondene Uighurs, bazama izizwe ukukhokha, base ingxenye isimo, Manichaeism, ngoba abaningi ongaziwa futhi engaqondakali ngenxa enganele ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa. Izinqubomgomo ezifanayo bafeza maqondana zezizwe, abaye ngungazimbi kuhlasela, bazithola uthonywe yibo. Unganelisekile inkokhiso nje wathola Uighurs ophoqelelwe ukuba ayiyeke le ndlela evamile yokuphila futhi ukuthatha Manichaeism, esikhiqiza kanjalo breaking psyche of akhonze yakhe.

Ukuqala kokufa isimo

Lokhu mkhuba waholela yokuthi hhayi kuphela ubuqotho kodwa futhi ukuba khona kwezinceku Uighuria njalo sisongelwa inani elikhulayo izitha zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Maduze izibhelu ahlomile ehamba ngezinqola Kyrgyz Karluk ngisho nabaseTibet wathatha ku ubunjalo ezimpini zenkolo. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngo maphakathi nekhulu IX bemibuso Uighur Khanate esikhathini esidlule.

Mandle State kanye enamandla bazuza Kyrgyz ashaqe e 841, inhloko-dolobha yakhe Karakorum wantshontsha yonke yengcebo okukuwo. Abacwaningi abaningi bagcizelela ukuthi kokunqotshwa kwe Karakoram ku ukubaluleka nemiphumela kwafaniswa ngemva kokuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453.

Ekugcineni-Uighur Khanate zigoqiwe ngaphansi ukumelana izindimbane Chinese, abahlasela kuye e 842 futhi ziphoqelelwe nomfelandawonye wayo yikuphi okulungile okwakufanele akwenze ashona kuze kufinyelele emikhawulweni Manchuria. Kodwa indiza eside enjalo akazange ugcine ababhubhayo Army. Kyrgyz khan, ukufunda ukuthi Uighurs baye bathola isiphephelo emazweni okuqondene AmaTatar, weza kwezikhathi eziyiminyaka nempi enkulu abulawe zonke owayenganikela namanje ukuphatha izikhali.

ubudlova ezesabisa kusuka China wajaha imisebenzi bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi luhlose ukunqoba Manichaeism, elibuye kuvulela ukusabalala Buddhism. Mukhtar Maniyev zonke izincwadi zenkolo kwabhujiswa, futhi impahla idluliselwe izikhonzi ihlelo endaweni yengcebo yasebukhosini.

Isenzo lokugcina idrama

Nokho, indaba ayizange yaphela nge Uighurs. Ngemva kokunqotshwa isimo sabo kanye enamandla wakwazi e 861, munye emhlabeni lokugcina lwamakhosi futhi iye yakhipha Yaglakara ngaphambili, dala ubukhulu elincane enyakatho ntshonalanga yeChina, ensimini ka esifundazweni Gansu. Le mfundo okudalwe baba ingxenye Celestial Empire amalungelo ngaphansi kwesizwe.

Okwesikhathi esithile ubudlelwane Uighurs nge labaninizo abasha babeke baba esengakwazi, ikakhulukazi ngoba njalo uncome isethi. Baze bavunyelwe ukuqhubeka ibutho aziziningi dudula ekuhlaseleni omakhelwane nolaka - izizwe Karluk, futhi yagmy Chigils.

Lapho amandla akho akwanele ukuba basisize zamabutho uhulumeni. Kodwa kamuva uMbusi of China, isola Uighurs ngesikhathi kugetshengwa nasezinxushunxushwini, zibancishe kubo yokuvikela yabo. Lokhu 1028 bazuza eduze Tunguses nabaseTibet futhi Uighurs ifa lezwe, uqede umbuso wabo. Lokhu uqeda indaba Uighur Khanate, njengoba ngokufingqiwe lesi sihloko.