Umlando lemali

Ithi ncamashi esaqala umlando imali, kuba yinkinga kakhulu. Ezikhathini bakudala, ngisho nomqondo onjalo futhi into okuhambisanayo wayengekho. Ubudlelwano ngemali, uhlangabezana kamuva kakhulu, nge kokuqala ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu yenqubo.

Umlando imali ngqo okuhlobene inqubo exchange futhi ushintsho lwamaphethini kobunikazi. At usaqala kakhulu nalolu shintsho, singakwazi manje cabanga sibonelo of ubudlelwano imali, egqoka uhlamvu ezikhululekile. Kulesi sigaba izimpahla obonakaliswe ukubaluleka ngomunye, le aphikisanayo izimpahla okulingana. Babekwazi ukwenza njenge izinto, ukudla noma nezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, zama-Aztec ziqhubeke esetshenziswa njengoba imali cocoa. Lesi sigaba uhambelana okungahleliwe noma elula ubunikazi.

Umlando imali besibhekene izigaba eziningana ngokulandelana. Kumiswa izizwe ezolimo kanye lamadlelo ezaba nomthelela ngempahla wathuthela ukuma njalo, kanye nephethini okungahleliwe kobunikazi usuthathe indawo egcwele. Leli fomu ihlukile sangaphambilini ukuthi exchange abathintekayo eziningi izimpahla ezingase umklomelo izimpahla ezehlukene okulingana.

Ukushintsha baba esithuthuke kabanzana. Nokho, okwamanje, ukubaluleka ngamunye lezimpahla muntu Awukatholi Amazwi aphelele, ngoba kwaba inombolo engaqinisekile kwezimpahla-okulingana. Izindleko ukubonakalisa ngempela heterogeneous. Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane waqala ukuvelela imikhiqizo, ngaleso sikhathi emakethe zaqala ukusetshenziswa yokuveza unit izindleko. Kancane kancane ngathola ahlukanisa umkhiqizo olulodwa, okwakuthatha ngendima okulingana jikelele. Kuleli qophelo, futhi kwakungekho ubunikazi imali. Ngalesi sikhathi waqala umlando imali ngomqondo wesimanje kwethemu.

Esikhathini sawo sokuphila Kuhlekuhle ukuphakama khulu imali kukhona lezimpahla nemvelo, kodwa azikwazi kubhekwe impahla. He is ethize kakhulu, ngoba wenza indima ejwayelekile ye okulingana jikelele. Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo onganelisa isidingo yoyedwa futhi izindleko Iyunithi umthengi. Imali umkhiqizo ofanayo possesses eyigugu kuwo wonke (ngamanye amazwi, kungenziwa umklomelo yimuphi omunye). Lokhu impahla imali libizwa zezimali.

Okulingana jikelele (imali) kwaba ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziningana ezibalulekile: akufanele ziwohloka ngesikhatsi isitoreji, kulula ukuba baphathe ezungeze, kwakudingeka kube sihlukaniswe ngaphandle kokulahleka value jikelele.

Umlando kokudaliweyo imali metal isizinda iqala ukubonakala metal. Okokuqala busuka nokusakazwa izinhlamvu zegolide nezesiliva ezinekhanda zazenziwe amatshe ayigugu. Cishe izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala uvele uLidiya ku 7th ekhulwini BC Khona-ke baqala ukunyathelisa eGreece, e-Asia Minor futhi Italy. I eyigugu kakhulu kwegolide zemali.

ERussia ayenza lezi uqalwe 9-10 eminyaka. Igama 'imali' livela Tatar esiliva uhlamvu lwemali, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "Tenga". Njengoba ingots esiliva esetshenziswa njengoba imali, iyasikwa ibe yizicucwana (babe sihlukaniswe), khona-ke babizwa ngokuthi ke "ruble", uma kunesidingo.

Kodwa metal ngokugcwele zemali lapho ihlelo labo kuvumelana inani layo langempela, ibiza kakhulu. izimayini Metal ayisaxhunyanisiwe sihambisane ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Ukuxazulula le nkinga sabekwa phansi ubunjalo imali. Kancane kancane, imali metal ngokugcwele waqala ukuba kubekwe ukubaluleka kwezimpawu zokuhweba. Okungukuthi, inani lezi zinsimbi eziyigugu, zemali aqala ukuncipha, ne value ngokulinganisa of them ayizange ithuthuke.

Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo, metal zemali kwathathelwa indawo imali ifomu obusebenzayo eshibhile base izinsimbi. Ekugcineni, abanye imali, eyenziwe ephepheni. Ngokokuqala ngqá e sako wangena Chinese wangekhulu lesi-9. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani base beqala ukuhamba in ifomu ephepheni kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-15, displacing ngokuphelele imali yangempela ukuphuma kwegazi. ERussia, umlando imali yephepha kwaqala ekhulwini le-18, ayebizwa imali yamaphepha.