Uyini namademo? Incazelo umlando

Uyini namademo? Ngokwe izincazelo zonke izichazamazwi, kuba - abakhululekile, hhayi ezihlobene basebukhosini kuphela, kodwa onamalungelo umnyuziki civil. Igama livela kithi evela eGreece yasendulo (ama-demo - abantu). Ngakho, ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini namademo, usizo uhambo ku umlando. Ake sibuyele izenzakalo ezinsukwini ezidlule ...

Umzabalazo ne Izicukuthwane

Zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi ebukhosini kanye namademo waqala ekuqaleni BC VI leminyaka. Uyini namademo empeleni, futhi njengengxenye eqinile umphakathi, aristocrats baqonde ngokushesha okukhulu. Abavukeli yafuna ilungelo lizwe, nokuqeda ubugqila (izikweletu) kanye ukuhanjiswa umhlaba.

Uthukile izibhelu olunegazi futhi amahemuhemu mayelana okuseduze kokubhikisha kwango jikelele, aristocrats liphindelela ngifuna indlela yokuphuma. Emhlanganweni womphakathi obizwa umbusi egameni Solon wakhethwa. Lo muntu sasihlonishwa futhi ephansi "yakwazi", kanye "okungeziwe". Yilokho elibekwe Izicukuthwane, enethemba lokuthi Solon ayikwazanga ukuvumelanisa amaqembu kanye ukufinyelela ukusilela ngaphandle kwegazi. Kwafika umbusi omusha kusuka ngempela umndeni esihle, kodwa akazange basonta ocebile. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela ukuhweba zasolwandle (into ehloniphekile Greece), kwaba ezihlakaniphile namaphutha abavumayo kakhulu.

Solon olawule Athens. Waqala lapho kusungulwa imithetho emisha, okuyinto ngokushesha irekhodwe ku amabhodi amakhulu lokhuni futhi agqoke endaweni ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi. Kwaba 504 BC. e.

kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika

I kabusha, eqinisweni, kusho ukuguqulwa. Yiziphi izinguquko owethulwa Solon?

1. Quashed amatshe (waphakamisa) izikweletu (abathunjwa bekhululiwe uvinjelwe ukudayiswa ebugqilini futhi ebugqileni siqu).

2. Ngishintshe simiso izilinganiso.

3. Nokukhuthaza intuthuko lemisebenzi yezandla futhi ukuhweba.

futhi izinguquko zezombusazwe kwenziwa.

1. Zonke abomdabu of Attica (owesilisa) esasiyizakhamuzi limenyezelwe unayo imisebenzi efanayo kanye namalungelo. Nokho, division of the inkampani yethulwa ngezigaba, lapho ekuqaleni babe ezicukuthwaneni, kwesibili - squad, eyesithathu - namademo kubo - izigqila.

2. Assembly Yabantu kwaba isitho ophakeme yokukhuluma intando sabantu.

3. AbaHluleli manje wayesengaba hhayi kuphela izicukuthwane, kodwa ama-demo.

ukuqedwa

amatshe Nezikweletu kusuka emasimini zisusiwe. Abalimi kwakufanele nokwesasa: ekugcineni izikweletu zithethelelwe! Ukwazi lokho okufundiswa namademo, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi ukwazi "ukubamba" abantu nje ngenxa sokuvaleleka abavamile. Ezinye abaceba, abanye abampofu ngaphezulu. Izwe Attica owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi Solon isigqila kwadingeka ekugcineni inkululeko. Yini, eqinisweni, kuyiqiniso. Manje, ngokuvumelana nomthetho we-archon zihlaba, umuntu wayengabulawa uma ukuboleka kuphela ngaphansi impahla yabo. Ukuze ukhokhele okweletayo ebugqilini sinqatshiwe. Ukuze inkululeko badedelwa zonke abakweletayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Solon ngaphambilini ukulandelela phansi labo ithengiswe kwezilwandle, akubuyise ngokukuhlenga, futhi imali isimo. Phakathi izithunjwa, abanye ukhohlwe ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Manje e-Athens kuphela abezinye izizwe ayeyizigqila.

Yazi bancishwa izinzuzo

Manje aristocrats ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa izwe njengakuqala. Archon kungaba noma yimuphi umuntu ocebile, kungakhathaliseki ezingeni yezikhulu. Abamele ama-demo ukuthi bakwazi ukuthola sibonga ocebile ukuba ukuhweba zasolwandle, nangemikhumbi nezindlu oluphethe, umhlaba nezigqila, kakhulu, kungathatha lesi sikhundla. Into ebaluleke kakhulu izindaba isimo kwaxoxwa kodwa manje LoMhlangano wonke umuntu kaZwelonke, lapho zonke izakhamuzi (Abase-Athene khulula).

senkantolo yokhetho yesula imithetho ezinesihluku kakhulu yasungulwa. Ngokokuqala ngqá amajaji kungaba indoda empofu ukuphela kwemvu iminyaka engu-30, osolwa ngaphambili. Ijaji kunqunywa wawenzela inkatho. Ekulalelweni Unelungelo bonke abase-Athene. Ngemva izinkulumo, umshushisi ofakazi nomsolwa lowacala ivoti eliyimfihlo, okuyinto kwenziwa ngokuphonsa amatshe esitsheni sibe sinye (Black - "icala", emhlophe - ukuba "bathethelele"). Ngokushesha kwenziwa nokubala: isinqumo wenkantolo kwakuxhomeke lokho amatshe ayemaningi, futhi uma amavoti zihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, ummangalelwa ikhishwe. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ukusilela litholwe, a kuthula kufinyelelwe. Nokho ...

Solon eshiya Athens

Uyini namademo, futhi yini iqaleka injani kusuka ngaphakathi, futhi akuzwa ngokushesha akhethwe umbusi. "Ifike ezindabeni omkhulu konke ngesikhathi esisodwa kuba nzima ... Uma konke bathokoza, kodwa manje sengiyabona off neso elibi ..."

Eqinisweni, Solon akuyona ubani nje akuyona yamjabulisa (nakuba azenza eningi), wabuye waletha inzondo kuye ngokwakhe. Abacebile babe yokukhansela uthukuthele ezikweletini nasezinsizini bokuhlukaniswa khulula angisebenzi, abampofu futhi wafuna lokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba. Solon usenqume ukushiya izwe izindaba kwezohwebo okucatshangelwayo. Wayeya ngebhasi iminyaka eminingi, bese yayisazogcwaliseka babuyela ezweni lenkaba yabo. "Ngithanda nezimpisi phezulu phakathi izinja ..."

Kodwa kuba imithetho Solon, waba isisekelo sokubusa ngentando yeningi.