Ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi selikhonza - inceku? Sinikeza incazelo esiqondile elithi

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi medieval lesiLatin elithi vassus lisho "isikhonzi." Kodwa ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi selikhonza - lena ingumuntu wokugcina sabaphathi kwamandla? Awa, akusinjalo. Umthetho medieval amakhosi asendulo, lapho umqondo wazalwa, akacabangi selikhonza elula isigqila-serf noma abalimi khulula uJehova ezweni. Lokhu - yezikhulu knightly, basebukhosini kuphela, okuyinto uqobo kwaba ngo ifa lezwe nabantu. Kodwa kwaba selikhonza we overlords, abadala babo. inganekwane Ngiphephile okwandile sabaphathi ngqo amandla umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Ake sibone ukuthi singobani futhi wabahlulela ngezinga elingakanani ezithunyelwe ephakathi eYurophu.

Proskhozhdenie akhonze

Singasho ukuthi uhlelo amakhosi asendulo of ubudlelwano savela ngezindlela ezimbili. On amazwe okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma ekubeni buthakathaka amandla central in the kwezepolitiki wathutha abaphathi abaphezulu - nababusi izifundazwe. Abasaphili ukulalela lizwe unina futhi yazibeka abakhulu bezwe suzerain. Ukuze ulawule insimu enkulu kanye nokuqoqwa kwezintela, lezi noMbusi wababusi esimisiwe abantu babo - parantellu (nezihlobo ezikude) kanye namakhasimende (iqhawe khulula ngubani axhasa Señor). Land in kwalolu shintsho ngelakho. Ezindaweni ubuswa umthetho isiJalimane, eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari kwamiswa ngakwesokudla ukunqotshwa. umhlaba Ukuthunjwa ngokusemthethweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu uJehova. Wakhononda zensimu amasosha akhe ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi lo yokugcina bekezelela ezempi ngo Ibutho lakhe ukumlalela. Ngakho, isamba - "umuntu enkembeni", okuqondene ekilasini knightly.

akhuleka

Manje cabanga uhlelo itjhebiswano eboshiwe wazo nge abangaphansi kwakhe. Kusukela ubunikazi bezwe nabantu sethulwe, futhi amakhosi futhi akhonze zazibhekwa ukhomba ngophakathi. Patron enganikanga kuphela ingxenye yalo, kodwa futhi uthole ithuba lokuzinqumela, kuhlanganise ophakeme. emasimini yomthetho waseRoma, ukwethembela suzerain lalisobala ezingaphezu kuka enyakatho eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ubuswa amasiko German. Kodwa nomaphi wenza isiko ningenisa akhuleka - akhuleka. Sine inombolo ezanele ubufakazi ebhaliwe, ukuze uthole umqondo kanjani lo mkhosi wokudlulela owawuse. Overlord wahlala esihlalweni okusezingeni eliphezulu, selikhonza wema phambi kwakhe bareheaded, eguqa eyodwa kwedolo. Afunga kakhulu.Ukufisa ukuba sithembeke, sibe ucingo lokuqala "ihhashi, aminyene oruzhno" Señor ukwesekwa ngisho ngikhiphe inkongozelo ngesihlengo, uma Ufika lithunjwa. Overlord ngomusa welulela izandla zakhe, wabeka izandla zakhe lapho ngaphansi kwesizwe. Lesi senzo isiko yaphela ngokwanga yokuthula. Kwamanye amazwe, akhuleka Yayinesikhwanyana noma nini ufaka inzalo ngaphansi kwesizwe eklasini knightly. Kodwa lapha futhi kwakukhona "foie" ngokwanele - bodokotela akhuleka zinhlobo ukhokho.

benefice

Uma lokho okushiwo "ngaphansi kwesizwe" kucace ucishe, kulula kanjalo nezinto zayo cha. Phakathi akhuleka Señor wamnikela ongaphansi kwakhe "zenkonzo yokwethembeka" benefice ezithile. Kungaba ezweni ohlala kulo balimi hhayi kuphela. I benefice kwakuhlanganisa ilungelo lokulawula Haut ubulungiswa - ubulungiswa ophakeme. Ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kwesizwe izinduna kwaba inzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, kungaba ilungelo lokukhokhisa for ukudlula ngaphesheya kwebhuloho, noma ilungelo ukuhlela Fairs ku amazwe. Ezinye akhonze ngisho kubalwa zemali ayo! Ngenxa amathuba amaningi ukudweba iholo kusukela benefices ababenakho amagama ahlukene: i-fief amakhosi asendulo, fief.

mpo kwamandla

Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi uJehova wabanika lona ukuba ilawulwe yakhe. Wamane lidlule ke phakade. Ngakho, ngabanikazi bomhlaba kwaba ngegama isakhiwo ngaphansi kwesizwe wazo. Nokho, fief basukile ubaba endodaneni ngelungelo ifa, futhi abalimi abahlala ilineni, babezibheka izikhonzi ezincane zenkosi amakhosi asendulo. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi uhlelo phezulu kwaba sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Inkosi owayengumbusi okuzisholo, kodwa izikhulu eziphakeme, ibala nezikhulu futhi wathola akhuleka kusukela akhonze yakhe - viscounts, marquises futhi kwezicebi. Lolu hlelo oyinkimbinkimbi ubudlelwane izinduna kuholele yokuthi ezinye akhonze waletha isifungo sokwethembeka overlords ezihlukahlukene, kanye aphansi kwakuwukuthi esiteji hhayi ukuthi kufanele balalele ephakeme, ngoba engalethi kubo akhuleka.

Inguquko ukuze ohlanga eliphelele

Eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari owasungula eNtshonalanga Yurophu e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi yagcina waqinisekisa embusweni amaFrank e VIII-IX eminyaka. Louis the abangcwele ngomyalo wakhe kuphela waqinisekisa phezulu kwencika amakhosi asendulo. Ekuqaleni, lesi simiso wasebenza kahle. Kodwa kamuva kwehlukana izinduna kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi igunya lobukhosi buthaka. I wazo oyinhloko baba kuncike akhonze yakhe. Royal lesizinda waba omunye izifundazwe alinganayo. Ukuhlanganisa amandla akhe, suzerains kunazo izimpi nokubhujiswa enqabeni Izicukuthwane edlubulundayo wasungula, eyaziwa ngokuthi - immediatizatsiya. Kusukela uPhilip II, le sovereigns waseFrance lasemkhunjini lasebenza kanzima ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izicukuthwane - kusukela komncane kuya abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu Knights - bazithoba enkosini. Kungenjalo ifa ngaphansi kwesizwe ziyathathwa bese ephethwe seneschal - isikhulu esigunyaziwe, futhi yavukela faiditom yizicukuthwane (abaphucwa).

amazwe akhonze

Uma isizwe siqhubeka sinqoba siphikisana lempi kwelinye izwe, indawo yanqoba akuyona njalo yayilokhu izidlela nje. Uhlelo izinduna lobudlelwane kusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwesizwe - i ubukhulu ezimele noma umbuso, waqaphela ubukhulu umbuso namandla. Danila Galitsky umbusi eyenziwe phakathi nekhulu XIII e bazohlonipha Golden zidlamlilo, futhi 1478 Krymskoe Hanstvo baba selikhonza yoMbuso WaseTurkey.