Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa biology. Amathemba Biology yokuthuthuka

Biology - omunye isayensi ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi zihlobene ngokuqondile nezinye izinto futhi uyakwazi ukutshela mayelana umuntu hhayi ngaphansi kuka indaba. Isihloko cwaningo eziphilayo, imithetho khona kwabo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano imvelo kanye imvelaphi. Bekanye zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali isayensi libhekisela ngokwemvelo ukuba sisebenze nemvelo. Funda izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni biology, ungathola umqondo wokobana inomboro umxhwele indlela kwenziwa lesi siyalo. Futhi, kufanele uzijwayeze zako olwengeziwe.

Ukuvela kwegama elithi

Yiqiniso, isayensi ingenye endala ohlangothini zemvelo. Kodwa leli gama liye lavela akunjalo kudala. Mfushane emlandweni wesayensi iqala kusukela 1797, lapho uprofesa German ukwakheka komzimba womuntu okuthiwa uTheodore Roose baphakamise isiqu esinjalo isayensi kuphela. Ngo 1800 wajabulela njengoba uprofesa wase-University of Dorpat Burd, futhi 1802 lingatholakala emisebenzini ebalulekile Lamarck futhi Treviranus. Kuhlobane ngokuqondile izimo zokuphila yomphakathi, biology isungule kancane. izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo avele njalo, ulwazi yesimanje Ungabheka ehlukile at theory ubudala, kodwa kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye ukutadisha izigaba odlule ukuthuthukisa ulwazi ngesayensi.

Isikhathi endala

Qoqa ulwazi mayelana izidalwa eziphilayo abantu baqala masinyane waqala ukuba ngiziqonde ngokwaso njengoba omunye izingxenye esiyingqayizivele zomhlaba. Ezikhumbuzo lasendulo etemibhalo laseGibhithe, iBhabhiloni kanye India ungathola ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo zezilwane nezitshalo, ezindaweni zabo futhi izicelo kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo. Ekhulwini lweshumi nane BC eMesophothamiya izakhamizi wasebenzisa nezibhebhe ze-cuneiform, linegama systematization izinhlobo eziphilayo. Ukuthuthukiswa imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo kwaba ngaleso sikhathi namanje nasesikhathini esikude esizayo, kodwa ngisho nalapho abantu bafunda ukuhlukanisa indlela iinlwana eziphila ngayo carnivores kanye ezidla uhlaza, sinqume ukuthi lesi simila kungaba kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo, ngisho akwazi ukulandelela ezinye zezimbangela okufana ngaso lezinceku kwezingane nabazali. Ikakhulu, i-imisebenzi yezokwelapha Indian eyaqala ngekhulu lesine BC, uchaze izici zokuphila eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane idluliselwe kwesinye. Ulwazi olubalulekile naye "Mahabharata" futhi "Ramayana".

Ukuvela izikole yesayensi

Ukuthuthukiswa komlando eziphilayo ngqo okuhlobene ukuvela Amathrendi ezithile. izikole Scientific wazithatha ngesikhathi kohlelo yisigqila Greece, Alexandria neRoma. Ionian School bahlakulele "imithetho yemvelo" elawula izwe - kakade zefilosofi inqatshelwe umsuka kwemvelo zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Alcmaeon wakwazi ukuba bahlole imizwa optic, ukuthuthukiswa umbungu izinyoni futhi ukukhomba indima ebalulekile zobuchopho njengoba maphakathi umcabango. usosayensi odumile UHippocrates owokuqala owachaza lesi isakhiwo emlandweni womuntu nezilwane, bakhomba imithelela kwezemvelo kanye ufuzo emzimbeni yizifo kwenzeka. Lokhu buvezwa amathemba ukuthuthukiswa wezinto eziphilayo. I School of Athens imisebenzi Aristotle, owadala indatshana ezine ezibalulekile nge ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana nezilwane. Waqale ezikhonjwe imibuso eziningana, oxhumene. Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo uhlelo uyoba "isitebhisi sokuphumelela izidalwa" futhi ngeke ukunquma ngezigaba eziphilayo, inike ezine-ezinemilenze, enezimpiko, flying nenhlanzi.

Ucwaningo komzimba womuntu

ukuthuthukiswa ezisheshayo biology esikhathini inceku lingachazwa hhayi kuphela njengoba cwaningo ngeengaba ehlukahlukene, kodwa futhi njengoba isikhashana imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu komzimba. Usosayensi kuqhathaniswa idivayisi Gerofil izilwane nabantu, lubonise umehluko emithanjeni yegazi. Erasistratus bakwazi ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ama- zobuchopho, ukukhomba khona gyri futhi cerebellar. Nokumisa lezi idatha, ososayensi eseRoma, ezifana Pliniy Starshy, owaba nombhali "Natural History". Ngalesi sikhathi, i-biology zentuthuko dodarvinsky ochwepheshe waphawula ukufana kwabantu kwenkawu. Ngokwesibonelo, Klavdiy uGalen necropsied futhi kwakuhunyushwa mammalian izincazelo yokwakheka abantu futhi wezinkawu. Lemisebenti ziye zathinta sina ukuthuthukiswa izitho zomzimba kanye anatomy, ngakho umlando omfushane biology kuyobe akuphelele ngaphandle kwabo.

Enkathini ephakathi

Ephakathi zixhumene ne kwekubuswa inkolo. Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa biology akubandakanyi cishe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yezindawo ezintsha ezakhiwayo ezihlobene naleso sikhathi. Ulwazi esekelwe imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, uGalen uPliny. Umbono wasonteka ukubukwa wenkolo nefilosofi. Usosayensi Chief sefilosofi Abu Ali Ibn Sina, eyaziwa nangokuthi u-Avicenna, u wahlanganyela ekutadisheni regularities esiyimbangela ngokwemvelo futhi philosophized phakade. ngempumelelo Scientific azenzeki, futhi esikhathini zomlando esilandelayo, biology ongene injalo lasendulo.

Renaissance noma Revival

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ubushiqela zemfundiso yenkolo kwavela ngokuwa izimiso ubudala kanye nemithetho yomphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa biology kumaka le nkathi ngokuthi eqa ezinkulu phambili ekuthuthukiseni isayensi, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi isayensi. ososayensi Ezivelele Yenguquko kwaba uLeonardo da Vinci. Wachaza izitshalo nezinyoni ezindizayo su, wafunda umsebenzi inhliziyo futhi isimiso uxhumano amathambo namalunga, uye wasebenza umsebenzi okubonakalayo emehlweni futhi izitho homologous, wagcizelela ukufana idivayisi womuntu, kanti ezinye izilwane. umsebenzi Okubalulekile wayebuye umsebenzi ka Andreas Vesalius, okubizwa ngokuthi "izincwadi Seven mayelana Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu." Harvey kwatholakala kwegazi, futhi Borelli watadisha izindlela ukunyakaza. Ngaphambi abantu ekuvuleni ngombono lonke entsha biology zentuthuko ukuthi awatholakali ngesikhathi umthetho zenkolo.

ukuphumelela abalulekile

Imvuselelo akuniké ososayensi amathuba amasha. Umphumela waba yokwanda ulwazi lwesayensi, okwaholela kwamangqamuzana yabo. Umlando Omfushane biology Ungamaka le nkathi ngokuthi isikhathi ngokuhlukana ku eyala ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezesayensi yezitshalo basungula, nokusungulwa kwe-microscope kwaholela ukuba bathuthuke nokwakheka izitho zomzimba. Karl Linney wayengu- mdali ngezigaba enemininingwane kwezilwane ngokufaka division zibe amakilasi, ama-oda, izizukulwane nezinhlobo. Nguye wakhetha ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, inhlanzi, izinambuzane kanye nezikelemu. Wathatha wezinkawu womuntu. Enye ovelele kwaba Leibniz ezahlela isifundiso "isitebhisi sokuphumelela izidalwa" inkolelo-mbono, okuyinto wayethembele kakhulu idatha esidlule, kodwa kwaba ngempela ezintsha.

Ukuvela cell theory

ukuthuthukiswa Kafushane yezinto eziphilayo, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye njengoba esikhathini ukubukeka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Embryology azibhala futhi izisekelo. Ososayensi Schleiden futhi Schwann washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela cell, sibonga umsebenzi Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch futhi Lister athuthukile bacteriology. Lo mcimbi oyinhloko kwaba indatshana "The Origin of Species:", predetermined ukuqhubeka isayensi. Umnikelo wenza hhayi kuphela Darwin, kodwa Mendel echaza khona zezakhi zofuzo kanye nemithetho umthelela wabo ufuzo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umbono yaqala ukubonakala ku isicelo physics kanye ne-chemistry ukutadisha izenzakalo zokuphila.

IKHULU lamashumi amabili

I leminyaka elidlule kuye kwaba isikhathi enzima kakhulu ulwazi olusha, okuyinto usanda wazibonela Isayensi Biology, Ibanga 9 isiphi isikole yesimanje manje uqhutshelwa isifundo idatha azitholakali ngisho izingqondo engcono yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Esikhathini forties kwatholakala ngendima ye-DNA ngo-1953, ososayensi bakwazi ukunquma oyiyo, kwathi ngo-1961 - wokufunda ke. Izindlela wamaprotheni zamagama avunyelwe ukuba avele yezakhi zofuzo ezisebenza nge acid nucleic. Konke lokhu kwaba igxathu elikhulu, ukuvumela umuntu ukuya indlela entsha ukutadisha imihlola zokuphila. Ngo-April 1961 umuntu wokuqala wazithola isikhala. Lolu suku kungaba ngokuthi iphuzu zokuvakashela isikhala umkhakha wesayensi. Ngo nenkathi dodarvinsky wezinto eziphilayo zentuthuko it is kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba sicabange. Kakade yoma, ososayensi baqala ukusebenza genetic engineering eye wamvumela imithi ukuthola umbono omusha lonke.

inkathi yesimanje futhi ikusasa isayensi

-Twenty ekhulwini lokuqala wenza ulwazi Amazing kufinyeleleke indoda. Kabanzi wafunda Biology, Ibanga 9 esikoleni esiphakeme evumela izingane ukuba zifunde mayelana kwezilwane ezesayensi yezitshalo kanye anatomy kunanini bakwazi ukuhlola khulu leminyaka, futhi amathemba isayensi Ubonakala brilliant ngempela. Ukuqhubeka ukwehlukana ezindaweni ngamunye eyala entsha - ukuthuthukisa helminthology, arachnoentomology, Ornithology, mycology, bryology, kwezokugoma, bacteriology nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi eziningi. Lokhu kuphakanyiswa ivumela ochwepheshe ukugxila inkinga ngayinye ethize, kuyashesha ulwazi mayelana nalezi noma nezinye izenzakalo. Nokho, kukhona nokuhlanganiswa isayensi, kungani-biochemistry khona, cytogenetics kanye nezinye izindawo.

Nokho, izindlela zesimanje umsebenzi kuhlobane ngokuqondile indaba. Ososayensi kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezifanayo njengoba amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka adlule, kodwa uguqule idatha zisiza ubuchwepheshe obusha. imishini abahlukile ivumela ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele ukuhlola ukuthi ubukade ucwaningo elula kuphela, futhi manje kungaholela emiphumeleni wamavukelambuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho nemibono asikisela intuthuko ehlaba umxhwele kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, okuyokwenza kangcono ukufunda izakhi zofuzo, izitho zomzimba kanye kwamanye amagatsha amaningi biology, okuyinto wenza sikwazi futhi ukuba nethemba ukuthuthukiswa esiphezulu kwezokwelapha Ungashintsha kokubili isikhathi nemibandela yokuphila komuntu.