Umphakathi Umthengi - kuyini?

Kuyini umphakathi umthengi? Bangabaholi abadlali main kwezomnotho e co-op wezolimo. The Inkampani sidalwe njalo yokuzithandela. Kuhloswe ukuba ukuvikela amalungelo kanye nezithakazelo kwezomnotho wamalungu ayo - abanikazi amabhizinisi amancane namapulazi.

Ukuvela umthengi imiphakathi

Umphakathi umthengi uqala ukuvela eBrithani ngasekuqaleni XIX leminyaka. Okokuqala behlela injongo ocebile umphakathi. Kodwa kancane kancane umqondo sashintshwa, futhi wama ekuqaleni kwazo abasebenzi bona noma abalimi abazithola amakhosi Mills, izitolo kanye Amabhikawozi.

Abasebenzi wadala umphakathi umthengi ukuze kwenziwe ngcono izinga lokuziphatha ezimpilweni zabo siqu. Ngaphakathi inhlangano, amalungu awo ayengakwazi bathenge imikhiqizo eshibhile kukhona asezingeni elifanele. Co-operatives kwaqala Yabantu Bank. Banika ukubolekisa abaswele. Uma umphakathi umthengi bacebe, futhi baba bamasheya acebile. I inzuzo yenhlangano kwakungenxa ukwandisa inhlokodolobha ogunyaziwe, okuyinto ulethe imali ukuze wonke amalungu alo.

Impumelelo nokubambisana

co-op British kwekhulu XIX kwakheka eziningi izimiso esivela yesimanje umthengi imiphakathi okuzokwenziwa ngenzasi. Bakhandwa libhekene ongaphakeme share iminikelo, inani elilinganiselwe ukwabelana ngelungu ngalinye lenhlangano, ukulingana kwabo bonke abanikazi ukwabelana kanye nenqubo zamanani.

Impumelelo ukuhamba kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngo-1860 i-co-operatives baqala ukuhlanganyela nezinyunyana. Lezi zinhlangano ayabaluleka ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe futhi enethonya ngaphezulu lonke emnothweni European. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX Elidala Umhlaba, kwakukhona kakade amalungu kwezigidi ezimbili wokubambisana. umphakathi umthengi International wathatha kwamabhizinisi abo kwezinkambiso nje isuke ibangelwa Socialist International. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amahora ayisishagalombili okusebenza ngelanga, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa kwamahala nemfundo, kanye ekubalweni impesheni saziso abasebenzi. Abasebenzi futhi abalimi ngenjabulo bakamalalahlengezela wajoyina le nhlangano entsha, ethemba ukuthola usizo lwabo ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo zabasebenzi.

Umphakathi umthengi wokuqala e-Russia

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Russia uye wafunda ngalokho umphakathi umthengi. Izibuyekezo kule zesistimu leaked imvelo yasekhaya wezolimo. Ekupheleni kwalesi sigodi Russian XIX leminyaka kwaba esibucayi, naphezu ukuqedwa kwakamuva kwe serfdom. Abalimi waphila impilo yobumpofu. Isizathu salokhu babeba abaqaphile kodwa kube okusezingeni eliphezulu lokuzalwa izinga emindenini futhi ukwanda kwabantu ngokweqile, umhlaba ubunikazi kwehlukana, ukukhiqiza ongaphakeme, ukuntula amahhashi nezinkomo.

Kule ndaba, ngo-1900 kwakhiwa isigaba sabantu abangasebenzi, inani ezingafinyelela abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-23. Futhi laba bantu ingeyamakhosi labantu zokusebenza. In parallel nalokhu isabelomali isimo ezikhulayo, okuyinto ubeke emahlombe abalimi abampofu kakade.

Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukulima wezolimo londoloza emphakathini othanda ukulima wokubambisana. Abalimi ufunde mayelana impumelelo nokubambisana in the West, waqala self-umhlobo kulezi izakhiwo efanayo ukuvikela izithakazelo zayo emakethe yasekhaya.

Umthengi imiphakathi kwezolimo

Leyo nhlangano entsha mass yokusikwa ukuhweba wazibonakalisa esilungele abalimi, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bakule ndawo ungathanda ukujabulela izinzuzo enikeza ibhizinisi elikhulu, futhi akamane nje uxhumano nowabo yabadobi ezolimo. Union of Consumer Societies inikeza amalunga alo nethuba.

Ngaphambi emzaneni kwakukhona isimiso esinjalo cooperatives, abakhiqizi yezolimo abaphethwe usury lenqwaba abaxhumanisi ezingadingekile. Lapho ekwindla iza, wojantshi yasekhaya nje ayengeke akwazi ukuphatha yonke impahla ekhiqizwa kuleli dolobha. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu baye bazama "ungathengi" kusengaphambili, okwenza yezinkathi ezithile isinkwa amanani ziye sidindilize.

Kancane kancane emnothweni ongumlimi eRussia ukulahlekelwa izici zayo zemvelo ziphenduka ezisetshenziselwa ezentengiselwano. Kule ndaba, kumnotho wasekhaya is adingeka ifomu elisha yenhlangano yohwebo komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo. Okuphambili umphakathi umthengi abe iphilisi kakhulu eside elindelwe, uzokhulula abafuyi ukukhathazeka okungadingekile futhi zababolekisa ngemali. Ngaphambi kwalokho, isinkwa ngaphambi kokuthi ufike counter, wathatha izandla ambalwa abaxhumanisi. Esimisweni ezinjalo abaninimhlaba qobo lwabo kufanele ukhokhe imali wabenza futhi befisa.

Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, Russia seyibe umholi emhlabeni ngenani eziningi zalezo zinhlangano kanye nenani elikhulu emalungeni awo. Kwakungelona nje ukukhula komnotho, ke kwaba gxuma yangempela. Ngobusuku obandulela 1917 kuleli zwe esebenza cishe izinkulungwane 50 co-op. inhlangano engenzi-nzuzo emphakathini ngamunye umthengi isilinganiso kuhlanganisiwe hhayi ningi than abahlanganyeli 50. Sekukonke abangafika kwabangu-abayizigidi ezingu-14 abantu abahilelekile kule ukunyakaza kwezomnotho, futhi u-80% ukuthi number abalimi. Inhlangano umphakathi umthengi edolobhaneni savuka nge force esithile ngemva 1905 lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasiza izinguquko Stolypin, lapho abalimi kwaba lula ukushiya umphakathi. Bacela futhi wathunyelwa eSiberia, lapho kokuba belinde isikhathi ezweni untilled. Kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni indawo umphakathi umthengi.

Cooperation eU.SSR

ukunyakaza Independent wokubambisana eRussia uyekwa emva Okthoba Revolution amaBolshevik athatha izintambo. I Socialist babeqondiswa isimiso 'zonke futhi wabelane. " Ngesikhathi ukuphikisa efanayo naleyo eshiwo iyiphi inyunyana zesifunda umthengi imiphakathi, ngokuvamile hhayi kunakwe.

Umphumela waba nesiphetho esibi. Abalimi angilahlekelwanga kuphela ithuluzi wokubambisana phakathi kwabo, kodwa ngokushesha yonke basala ngaphandle ezweni. Abahlali abangu babeyivalela ezindaweni amapulazi collective. Engazimisele ukubambisana iziphathimandla zaseSoviet okuzange ngezibhakela futhi ngaphansi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. bamasheya eziningi ezaziboshelwe umthengi imiphakathi bazithola abathunjwe Kazakhstan nezinye ezindaweni ezikude. State wakwamukela futhi uvinjelwe imizamo kucocisana, okuyinto ebanjwa ama cooperatives odlule.

umphakathi Umthengi ngesimo yangaphambili abasekho. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izici zazo waqala ukufeza amapulazi yangasese of abalimi kanye collective-ipulazi wendabuko yezandla. Lezi isikhunta unamahloni nokubambisana wangaphambili avunyelwe abalimi ukuze usinde, naphezu kweqiniso kuhlelwe isimo umnotho.

Umthengi Umphakathi zangenkathi ngasekupheleni Soviet

Ngasekuqaleni '90s, lapho iSoviet Union iwa, kukhona kuphela alotshiwe nohlaka okuqinile umthengi nokubambisana. Khona-ke kwaba khona Central Union kuqala, bese Rospotrebsoyuz. Lezi zinhlangano zilawulwa ekuqaleni imiphakathi entsha umthengi.

Ngo-1990, u-40% labantu RSFSR wakhonza yilesi simiso sezinto. Wawunamabhodi eziyizigidi ezingu-30 abantu bendawo. Ezinsukwini ukusweleka nokudla emigqeni umphakathi ngamunye lesifunda umthengi eyenza umsebenzi obalulekile kwezomnotho ngoba lonke leli zwe. I share kohlelo zaba 25% yokuthengisa okudayisa kwezimpahla, cishe isigamu amazambane preforms lwesithathu oda yemifino ekuthengweni kwempahla kanye nasezinhlelweni nokunye. D.

ERussia yesimanje

Eminyakeni 90 umphakathi umthengi isiRashiya, ababhekana ezikhathini ezinzima. Konke ukushintshwa ngemuva ezizenzakalelayo 1998, futhi ukwehla of the ruble. niches kwezomnotho Bakhululwa uvumele-co-operatives ukuze ubuyele emakethe. Namuhla, kuzo zonke izifunda WaseRussia kukhona 20-25 izinhlangano ezinjalo. Iningi lazo aqukethe wezolimo umthengi imiphakathi. Kulokhu, cishe bonke of them are inzuzo kungakhathaliseki uhlobo imisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho.

Ngenxa yalesi sithombe ezibalulekile kwezomnotho we Tax Code. Iminyaka "zero", waba nezimpikiswano eziningi zezichibiyelo, ukunikeza izinzuzo umthengi imiphakathi, sangena Central oPhethe Russian Federation. Lesi sakhiwo main umzimba wokuxhumanisa i-iningi co-op.

It Tsetrosoyuz inquma amathemba emkhakheni wayo yonke kwezomnotho. Minyaka yonke, njengengxenye congresses yayo nezingqungquthela olwenziwa kube nenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa uhlelo zabathengi imiphakathi kwezolimo yasekhaya.

Ikakhulukazi lanamuhla umthengi imiphakathi

Bobabili Russian futhi yimuphi umphakathi umthengi ngamazwe isakhiwo inzuzo. Okungukuthi, inhlangano wahlanganyela emsebenzini ebhizinisi, kodwa ngesikhathi idala esifanayo inzuzo akusiyo esiyinhloko nokuchaza umsebenzi. Ubuhlobo obunjalo wadala nsuku yokuzithandela ukuze kuvikeleke izithakazelo masheya bayo. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko umphakathi umthengi ilungelo yayo ukusatshalaliswa engenayo, okuyinto wathola amalungu ayo. Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa iminikelo nokuhlanganyela ukuphila kwezomnotho kwabanikazi bamasheya collective ukuthathelwa umshuwalense nomunye futhi ngokwabo baba evikelwe emiphumeleni ukwehluleka ibhizinisi.

Kuze kube manje, lo umphakathi umthengi ngendlela enomphumela kanye ezivamile ezolimo wokubambisana. Ngaphakathi ke ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi kanye nezici. Okokuqala, lokhu kuba uhlelo eziyingqayizivele ubudlelwane, elisesifundeni utshalomali mutual bamasheya. Okwesibili, impahla inzuzo kwenzeka therebetween. Okwesithathu, umphakathi umthengi kuyinto imvelo omkhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomphakathi futhi impahla kwabanikazi bamasheya. Kulesi sisekelo, singasho ukuthi osomabhizinisi yasemakhaya yesimanje Russian kuba lula futhi ephephile ukuqhuba ibhizinisi labo umfelandawonye nomakhelwane bayo ukwedlula emakethe kuphela ukuzwa ubunzima.

imisebenzi

Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko emphakathini umthengi ukuvikela amalungelo abathengi. Izakhamizi angasebenza izinhlangano ezifana ngokusisekela kwabo ngesimo iseluleko sezomthetho. Ochwepheshe ukuraga kokuxilongwa ezimele izinga izimpahla womuntu ongabazisayo. Abameli sihlaziye imiqulu kanye nezivumelwano ukudayiswa, njengoba bengeke bakwazi ukumela amaklayenti abo enkantolo. Lokhu kubonakala injongo zomphakathi ezibalulekile emiphakathini ezinjalo.

Imisebenzi inhlangano enjalo ulawula sisekelo umphakathi umthengi, elenziwe emhlanganweni jikelele nemicengezi lamasheya. Lo mbhalo uchaza imisebenzi namalungelo namalungu enhlangano. Ingabe bamasheya banelungelo oyithandayo ukuthenga kanye ukuthengwa kwezimpahla kanye namasevisi anikelwe enhlanganweni. Amalungu ayo basizwa ekuziphatheni osizayo amapulazi, kanye ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo. umphakathi Umthengi sibonga ukwehlukana kwayo okukhulu inzuzo. Iningi le mali zahlukaniselwa bamasheya. Izimali ezisele zisetjenziselwa ekukhuleni komphakathi uqobo.

Isimo eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwenza ukulungisa kwenkululeko ubudlelwane wokubambisana. Amandla ukwesekwa umphakathi, kuyinto iyunithi ezibalulekile kwezomnotho wezolimo yasekhaya. Umthetho zokungabi umkhakha uhlala umthetho "Ngo umthengi nokubambisana". The Inkampani lucwaningo yokuvikela ngesisekelo enye idokhumenti "Ngo Ukuvikelwa kwamaLungelo Abathengi.

obala Legal nokucacisa amalungiselelo umsebenzi wokubambisana ukwenza kube nesigcawu esilungele ukubambisana kwazo zonke abanikazi amapulazi edolobhaneni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imithetho ezibhalwe phansi sengqondo isimo sika maqondana kulezi zinhlangano. Umthengi imiphakathi kanye nezinyunyana - ke wathi - kuyisici esibalulekile empilweni wezwe kwezenhlalo.

Tsentrosoyuz

Into eyenza lohulumeni umthengi imiphakathi is bo intando yeningi. Lezi zinhlangano zilawulwa umhlangano jikelele bamasheya, lapho ilungu ngalinye unelungelo lokuvota. Ngezansi isitebhisi lenhlangano umzimba ummeleli, okuvamise izenzo umkhandlu eliholwa usihlalo. Futhi emphakathini kufanele kube Audit kanye Control Commission, okuyinto unomthwalo ukuqapha semthethweni futhi ngokunemba izinqumo.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-main ebusayo imisebenzi wokubambisana sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia, Central Union of Consumer Societies, noma nje Tsentrosoyuz. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ke ilawulwa amalungu LoMhlangano. It uthola abameleli zonke umthengi imiphakathi yasekhaya. Assembly lihlangane okungenani kanye ngonyaka, lapho u eMoscow ukuza izihambeli ezivela ezweni lonkana. Emhlanganweni badingida izinkinga zamanje futhi amathemba yentuthuko umphakathi umthengi.