Umqambi A. S. Dargomyzhsky: biography, ifa lokudala

U-Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky, ophikisayo wakhe omfushane owethulwa kulesi sihloko, ungumqambi omkhulu waseRussia owasungula umculo omusha wesiRashiya. Iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe - 1813-1869. Ngo-February 14, 1813, uDargomyzhsky wazalwa. I-biography yakhe iqala ngayo. Isifundazwe saseTroitsk (Dargomyzh) eTula, lapho azalwa khona. Uyise wayekhonza njengesikhulu, futhi unina ka-Alexander wayengumthandi wezidlova.

Indlela asebenzisa ngayo uDargomyzhsky esemncane

I-Biography, okuqukethwe okwesikhashana kwemisebenzi, amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomqambi - konke lokhu kuyayithakazelisa kubabongi abaningi bomsebenzi wakhe. Ake siqale kusukela ekuqaleni futhi sitshele mayelana nengane ebusweni bomqambi wesikhathi esizayo.

U-Alexander Sergeevich walichitha endaweni yabazali bakhe, eyayisifundazweni saseSmolensk. Ngemva kwesikhashana, umndeni wathuthela eSt. Petersburg. U-Alexander Dargomyzhsky wathola imfundo yakhe yasekhaya lapha. I-biography yakhe yalesi sikhathi ibhalwe yizifundo zakhe zomculo, yaseshashalazini nezincwadi. Abafundisi baka-Alexander Dargomyzhsky babeyi-AT Danilevsky (umculi wepiyano), u-PG Vorontsov (i-violinist ye-serf), u-F. Schobernehler (umqambi waseVienna nomdlali wepiyano), uBe Zeybih (umculi).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDargomyzhsky waziwa no-MI Glinka (isithombe sakhe sinikezwe ngenhla), esamnika imibhalo yesandla esivela kuProfesa Dena waseBerlin. Banikela ekukhuliseni ulwazi luka-Alexander Sergeevich emkhakheni we counterpoint nokuvumelana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala ukufunda ukuhlaziywa kukaDargomyzhsky. I-biography yakhe iyaqhubeka nokudala imisebenzi yokuqala yokuzimela.

Umsebenzi wokuqala, abafundi baseDargomyzhsky

Izingcezu zokuqala zepiyano nezothando zanyatheliswa ngawo-1830. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lobuciko lidlalwa ngothando oludalwe ngamazwi kaPushkin: "Night Zephyr", "Vertograd", "The Boy and the Maiden", "Ngiyakuthanda", njll. Ngomnyaka olandelayo umculo womculo kwakuyingxenye yezinto eziyinhloko zokudala u-Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Ngokuthokoza wanikeza izifundo ngamazwi, futhi mahhala. Inani elikhulu labafundi bakhe. Phakathi kwabo kuvela ngaphandle kweL.N. UBelenitsyna (iKarmalina), uBbibbibina, uShilovskaya, uGirs, uBarteneva, uPurgolt (Molas), iNkosana Manvelova. UDargomyzhsky wayehlale ephefumulelwe ukuzwelana kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi abaculi. Mayelana nalokhu okulandelayo, u-half-jokingly uthe, uma bekungenjalo, bekungeke kudingeke ukuba umqambi.

I-Opera "Esmeralda"

I-Opera "Esmeralda" (iminyaka yokudalwa - 1837-41) ibhekwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala oyinhloko ka-Alexander Sergeevich. I-freetto yayidalwa ngaphambilini nguHugo ngokwakhe encwadini ethi "Notre Dame de Paris". Lo msebenzi, ngenxa yokungaqali kwawo (okwakubhalwe ngesitayela se-opera yaseFrance), ufakazela ukufisa okungokoqobo kweDargomyzhsky. I-Esmeralda ayizange ishicilelwe. E-St. Petersburg, emtatsheni wezincwadi ze-Imperial Theaters, i-clavier, isiqephu sombhalo kanye ne-autograph yaseDargomyzhsky igcinwa. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva lo msebenzi wawusekelwe. ESt. Petersburg, i-premiere yenzeke ngo-1851, naseMoscow - ngo-1847.

AmaRomans aseDargomyzhsky

U-Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky wayengenelisekile ngokukhiqizwa kwe-opera. I-biography yakhe ibonakaliswe ukuphenduka kokudala. "Esmeralda", ngokusobala, wadumala umqambi. Wabuye waqala ukucula izingoma zikaDargomyzhsky, owaziwa ngaye ngokubhala kwawo ngaphambili. Ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi yokuqala, amasha (ama-romance angu-30 kuwo wonke umuntu) ashicilelwe ngo-1844. Baletha idumo likaDargomyzhsky. Imithandazo engcono kakhulu yama-1840 yizinto ezidalwa ngezinkondlo zikaPushkin: "U-Night Zephyr", "Ukulila", "Ukushada", "Ngikuthande". Ngo-1843, imbongo yenkondlo efanayo yadalwa uDargomyzhsky cantata "Ukunqotshwa kweBacchus." Lo msebenzi wanikezwa ngo-1846 eSt. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater ekonsathini yoMqondisi. Noma kunjalo, umbhali wenqatshelwe ukukhiqizwa kwe "Celebration of Bacchus" ngesimo se-opera, esakhiwe ngo-1848. Kamuva nje kuphela, ngo-1867 kuphela, okwethulwa eMoscow, umsebenzi owadala umqambi uDargomyzhsky. I-biography yakhe iyaqhubeka ngenkathi ezayo yokudala.

Ukuhamba nezindlela ezintsha zomsebenzi womqambi

Ukuthambekela okusha emisebenzini kaDargomyzhsky kwavela engxenyeni yesibili yama-1840 kanye nokuqala kwama-1850. Babehlangene nokuzalwa nokuchuma ezweni lethu okuthiwa isikole samvelo (ubuchwepheshe obubucayi) kwezobuciko nasezincwadini. U-Alexander Sergeevich waqala ukukhanga izindaba zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithakazelo sakhe emculweni siye saba sikhulu nakakhulu. UDargomyzhsky wahlanganyela ekwenzeni izingoma ezidlalayo. Omunye angasho ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo kazwelonke ngalesi sikhathi kubangelwa ukuthi umqambi wayengaphandle kwamanye amazwe kusukela ngo-1844 kuya ku-1845. Wavakashela eJalimane, eVienna, eBrussels naseParis. UDargomyzhsky waya lapho njengomfana weFrance yonke, futhi wabuyela eSt. Petersburg njengomuntu ohlangene waseRashiya, njengoba kwenzeka kuGlinka.

Kwakukhona ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi umklamo wokugcina we "ubuqiniso obungokwemvelo" - indlela yokudala yomqambi (ukukhiqiza amagama okukhulumisana kuyindlela eyinhloko eyenziwe ngayo izithombe). Umqambi wathi ufuna ukuzwakala izwi. Eculeni elithi "Miller" lasetshenziswa ngokulandela isimiso, esasibizwa ngu-Alexander Dargomyzhsky. I-biography yakhe emfushane ibonakala ngokuqaliswa okusebenzayo "kweqiniso langempela." Kusukela ku-"Miller" yoma ingoma yezinkondlo zikaPushkin kunezintambo kwi "Stone Guest" - i-opera, lapho izimiso zokuphindaphinda komculo zazifakwe khona. "Inkulumo yomculo" ivela emibonweni ethi "Uzongikhohlwa maduzane" futhi "Futhi uyathukuthela futhi uyadabuka."

I-Opera "I-Mermaid"

Opera "Mermaid", eyadalwa ngo-1855 ngokusho komdlalo we-A.S. I-Pushkin, umkhiqizo oyinhloko walesi sikhathi. Lichaza ngokunembile isiphetho esibuhlungu sentombazane ephakathi, eyayikhohliswa yinkosana. UDargomyzhsky kulomsebenzi wadala uhlobo oluvusa inkinga yokungalingani kwezenhlalo (umdlalo womculo womndeni). Ngo-May 4, 1856 okokuqala ngqa kwalethwa "i-Mermaid" eSt. Petersburg yaseMariinsky Theatre. Kwakuhlelwe ngemidwebo endala, ukukhishwa okunganaki, izingubo ezingalungile, izikweletu ezingalungile. Akumangalisi ukuthi le opera ayiphumelelanga. Ngendlela, ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka ngaphansi kobuholi bukaK. Lyadov, owayengafani noDargomyzhsky. Kuze kube ngu-1861, i- "Mermaid" ihambisane nama-26 kuphela. Nokho, ngo-1865 yavuselelwa yiKomissarzhevsky noSp. Platonova. In the version entsha ye-opera kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Yayihlanganiswa ne-repertoire yamathiyetha amaningi, futhi yaba enye yama-opas aseRussia ayithandayo kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yomculo nezenhlalo

Ukwazi kangakanani ngomqambi onjalo njengoDargomyzhsky? I-biography etafuleni, efakwe ezincwadini zokufunda, iqukethe ulwazi oluyisisekelo kuphela ngalo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uDargomyzhsky wayengumqambi nje kuphela. Imisebenzi yomculo nezenhlalakahle ka-Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky yavela kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1850. Ngo-1859, umqambi waba yilungu leKomiti YeRussia Music Society (iRussia Musical Society). Ukubamba iqhaza kule khomishana, eyabheka imisebenzi eyithunyelwe emncintiswaneni, iye yaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni komculo waseRussia. UDargomyzhsky wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni komqulu we-conservatory wokuqala ezweni lethu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo u-Alexander Sergeyevich waba abangane nabaqambi, ababe sebeba ngamalungu e-"Handful Handful" (iBrakirevsky Circle), okwaholela ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane.

Ukubambisana ne-Iskra

UDargomyzhsky, obunikazi bakhe nomsebenzi wakhe bahlobene kakhulu kulo lonke impilo yakhe, babambisana no-Iskra ngo-1859. Kwakuwumagazini onamandla onobuhle ngaleso sikhathi. Ukubambisana kwashiya umshicileli emsebenzini oqhubekayo womqambi. U-Alexander wadala umculo ezinkondlweni zikaP. I. Weinberg no-V. S. Kurochkin - izinkondlo ezashicilelwa e-Iskra. Okuqukethwe komphakathi kwafakazela izintandokazi ezintsha uDargomyzhsky, eziphathelene nalesi sikhathi: "Worm", "Umeluleki Wesiqu", "Old Cpl". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi uyaqhubeka nezifundo zakhe nabaculi be-amateur, futhi futhi kudala ukuthanda amaculo: "Ngiyakhumbula ngokujulile," "Ungubani igama," "Sahlukana ngokuziqhenya."

I-opera yokugcina yaseDargomyzhsky

Ukuqokwa komqambi eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe kwaphinde kwavunywa ku-opera. Ukucabanga ukuthi kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu, uDargomyzhsky ngo-1866 waqala ukusebenza "kwi-Stone Guest" esekelwe emsebenzini ka-Alexander Pushkin. Wayefuna ukubhala umculo ngaphandle kokushintsha umbhalo wePushkin. UDargomyzhsky wenqaba kumafomu osebenzayo asethuthukile ngokomlando: ama-vocal ensembles, asetshenziselwa i-arias. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuqhubeka komculo womculo. Ukuphindaphindiwe-okushiwo yi-ariasic kuthathwe njengesisekelo, okungukuthi, i-opera cishe isakhiwe ngokuphelele ekuphindaphindiwe komculo. Umsebenzi usuqedile ukuqedwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva. Ukufa kukaDargomyzhsky kumvimbele ekwenzeni umculo kuphela ngamavesi angu-17 edlule. C. Cui wagcwalisa i- "Stone Guest" ngokuvumelana nentando yomqambi. Wabuye wadala isingeniso kule opera, eyasungulwa ngu-N. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Incazelo ye "Stone Guest"

"I-Stone Guest" ngemizamo yabangane bakhe u-Alexander Dargomyzhsky yenziwa ngoFebhuwari 16, 1872 esigabeni saseMariinsky eSt. Petersburg. Ngo-1876, i-opera yaqala kabusha, kodwa ayikwazanga ukumelana nalolu daba. Kuze kube yilolu suku, namanje asikaziswa. Akukhona nje kuphela abaqambi basekhaya (uRimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky) abasha be-opera yokugcina ka-Alexander Sergeevich bathola abalandeli. Kwaziswa abaculi bezinye izizwe. Ngokuyinhloko, uS. S. Gounod wayefuna ukwakha i-opera yakhe, ethatha i-Stone Guest njengesibonelo. Emsebenzini "uPelleas noMélisandra," uK. Debussy wancike ezimisweni zokuguqulwa uDargomyzhsky akwenza. I-biography emfushane ngaye ayengeke iphelele uma singakhulumi ngemisebenzi ye-orchestral ka-Alexander Sergeevich.

Umsebenzi we-Orchestral weDargomyzhsky

Okugqamile phakathi kwabo kungabhekwa ngokuthi "i-Babu Yaga", "i-Chukhon Fantasy" ne-"Little Cossack yaseRussia". Imifanekiso yasendlini yale misebenzi ibukhali ngumqambi ngosizo lokuhumusha okugqamile. Kuvela lapha ukuthi intsha yezindlela zobuciko ezisetshenziswa nguye zivela. Bathola ukuqhutshwa emsebenzini wabakhiqizi baseRussia njengo-A. Lyadov, uM. Mussorgsky nabanye. NgoJanuwari 17, 1869, uDargomyzhsky washona eSt. Petersburg (isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ithuna lakhe).

Umlando wakhe omfushane ufundiswa kuzo zonke izikole zomculo eRussia. Futhi imisebenzi ka-Alexander Sergeevich yenziwa kumabhayisikobho enhle kakhulu ezweni lethu kuze kube namuhla. Abekho abantu abaningi phakathi kwabantu bakithi abangakaze bazwe ngomqambi onjalo njengoDargomyzhsky. I-biography yabantwana kanye nabantu abadala, okukhulunywe ngakho kulesi sihloko, iphathelene nemisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko nempumelelo. Sizojabula uma ufuna ukuqhubeka ujwayelene nomculo wesiRashiya wesilasi. Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu ummeli walo, njengoDargomyzhsky (biography kanye nobuciko). Khuluma ngokufushane ngempilo yakhe kanye nefa lakhe manje ongayenza.