Isifundazwe Smolensk: izifunda kanye nemizana

Indaba le izifundazwe kuqala endaweni Imperial Russia sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1708. Lolu hlobo iziqephu yayikhona kuze 1929. Ngale ndlela yokwenza Ukuhlukaniswa Insimu ezincane zokuphatha, efana division lesifunda.

Indaba sifundazwe Smolensk

Phakathi ukudalwa ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili uPetru mina e 1708 kwase kunesiqiniseko eziningi nezinye sifundazwe Smolensk. Land in esifundeni beniyingxenye yisikhungo esisodwa indawo futhi etholakala engxenyeni European yezwe. isifundazwe Smolensk wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1929, kamuva abe endaweni ngenkathi yeziNguquko eSoviet Union. Idolobhana eyinhloko isifundazwe kubhekwe Smolensk.

I ngokucacile indawo ezweni iziqephu Imperial Russia enikeziwe ukusondela nakwezomnotho iningi nezinye izifundazwe.

Isifundazwe Umncele kulamazwe alandelayo:

• sifundazwe Tver (enyakatho futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga);
• eMoscow Kaluga (empumalanga);
• orel (eningizimu - empumalanga);
• Chernigov (eningizimu);
• Mahileu (entshonalanga);
• Vitebsk futhi Pskov (ntshonalanga).

umhlaba Yezinguquko

Umkhakha osanda sifundazwe Smolensk kwadingeka cishe eyishumi nesikhombisa emadolobheni. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo: Roslavl, Smolensk, Mhlophe, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh. Nokho, ngo-1713 esifundazweni yahlakazeka, ingxenye yayo ngobukhulu waya engxenyeni yesifundazwe esiFundazweni Riga.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nantathu, liye zibuyiselwe ngokwengxenye. It yakhiwa ezifundeni eziyisihlanu: Dorogobuzh, Belsky, Smolensk, Vyazma futhi Roslavl.
Ngandlela-thile kamuva (e 1775) isifundazwe yamaLuthela Smolensk yokubusa. Ngenxa yezinguquko indawo zazilisebenzisa izifunda entsha eziyisikhombisa: Kasplyanskogo, Elninskaya, Krasninsky, Gzhatsk, Sychevsky, Porechsky, Ruposovskogo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva Ruposovsky futhi Kasplinsky izifunda kwashintsha kwaba Yukhnovsky futhi Duhovschinsky. Kwaba kuphela 1796 yokubusa kabusha futhi esifundazweni.

Esikhathini kusuka 1802 kuya ku-1918 e-izinhlu sifundazwe Smolensk yakhiwa izifunda nambili. Insimu kulencane matasa Sychevsky - 2825 versts sikwele.

Yokuqondisa wesifunda indawo esifundazweni Smolensk:

• Yukhnovsky;
• Vyazemskij;
• Belsky;
• Gzhatskaya;
• Duhovschinsky;
• Elninskaya;
• Sychevsky;
• Dorogobuzh;
• Roslavlsky;
• Smolensk;
• Porechsky;
• Krasninsky.

241 parish yabhaliswa County, 4.130 emiphakathini yasemakhaya futhi ngomunye 14,000 ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu ka esifundazweni kwakukhona imizana eziyisishiyagalombili nasemizaneni 600. Ezinye izindaba zika-isiphetho babe amapulazi, amadolobhana amancane, ipulazi. Ubude sifundazwe Smolensk kwaba eshisayo 340 (owodwa versta ukuhlangabezana yesimanje 1067 metres). insimu yalo lalinabashumayeli kancane kuka 49212 versts sikwele.

labantu

Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu 1897, inani labantu esifundazweni Smolensk kwaba abakhileyo angaphezu kancane kwengxenye yesigidi. Emadolobheni nge angaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi sabantu, izakhamuzi ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 121. Ngaphambi ukuqedwa serfdom e 1761, inani serfs kwafika ku-70% abantu sebebonke.

isifundazwe Smolensk kwadingeka eliphakeme lomuntu okungezona khulula phakathi zonke izifundazwe of Tsarist Russia. On the umnumzana eyodwa ngokwesilinganiso zaba serfs ngu-60. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 esifundazweni Smolensk, kwakukhona 13 zezindela, amasonto 763 kanye nomphakathi owodwa. Amaphesenti abefundisi kwaba 0.6% of the Isamba sabantu ngokuhlala. isifundazwe Smolensk ngomthamo owodwa indawo lashabalala ngo-1929, futhi emazweni kwalo lebhalwe eWestern Region.

Industry and yezolimo esifundeni

Villages esifundazweni Smolensk idume tanners onekhono futhi Abeluki. Izakhamuzi kuthiwa ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela kwezolimo, okusanhlamvu kutshalwa: rye, i-oats, nokunye okufana nokolweni, sikakolweni. Ngo Rostislavskom County kutshalwa unyaluthi e nomqulu omncane. Ngo Vyazma futhi Sychevsky izifunda kutshalwa Hemp kanye yefilakisi. Leli dolobhana Tesovo Sychevskii wesifunda kwadingeka esiteshini lnovodnaya. Ukwaluka ukotini-spinning isigayo etholakala edolobhaneni Yartsevo Duhovschinskogo County. Ngo Rostislavskom County esebenza Matchbox futhi ukukhiqizwa lesikhumba. Elulele njengoba kwakunjalo ukukhiqizwa kwawo imikhiqizo crystal nemikhiqizo yasehlathini. Bielsko - itiyela umsebenzi wokwakha izitini.

isifundazwe Smolensk idume izingadi zayo. Ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ukutshala izinhlobo ezahlukene apula, ali amagonandoda. Apples zidayiswa eMoscow. Kodwa akukhona nje odumile wezolimo yayo sifundazwe Smolensk.

Smolensk County

Le ndawo abenguMesiya elinabantu abaningi kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nakwamanye amazwe. Abahlali bendawo ikakhulukazi ukudayisa elala naseLithuania. Roslavl County ikakhulukazi olwenziwa nomsebenzi wezolimo.

Kuphela lapha wakhula nokunye okufana nokolweni, nebhali amabele. Waqale wadala Smolensk umphakathi nezokulima sokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo. Kwakukhona emafektri of imishini yezolimo kanye okulima. Wawunamafutha isingeniso elikhiqizayo kakhulu esikhundleni igeja igeja. Izibhamu oluqanjwe amakhosi endawo, hhayi eliphansi kuya ifektri ejwayelekile.

Ngu 1880 954 izimboni kanye ifektri, le esebenza esifundazweni Smolensk. Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili eyalandela, inani lwezigayo namafektri kukhuphuke ngo amayunithi eziyisishiyagalombili. Siyakwazi ikakhulukazi ukubona nokuthuthukisa ifektri ushizi, owawungumnyaka maningi amathuba ezifundeni ezisempumalanga yesifundazwe.

isiphetho

Eseneminyaka engaba ngu-1000 edlule, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukusebenza ngempumelelo isimo kumele kube division zibe amayunithi zokuphatha. Ukubhekisela lokuqala esukela emuva AD X leminyaka. Princess Olga ihlukaniswe Novgorod emazweni e-amathuna. Kamuva ekhulwini xv, Ivan Grozny kwadingeka Ukuhlukaniswa Novgorod indawo Angaba yizingxenye. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII, yaqalisa nomqondo izifundazwe nezifunda. Zaba sibonelo lezifunda lanamuhla nezigodi.