Izinhlobo zomculo womculo. Izinhlobo zomculo we-instrument kanye nomculo

Umculo, lapho indima ehola iyingxenye yezwi, kuthiwa yizwi. Kungabhalwa omunye, abenzi ababili noma abaningi, kokubili noma ngaphandle kokuhambisana. Izinhlobo zomculo ozwakalayo, kanye nendima, ezedlule indlela ende yentuthuko, zakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebenzi yomphakathi yobuciko. Ngakho kwakukhona inkolo, isiko, umsebenzi, izingoma zomndeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mqondo ususebenzise kabanzi futhi ujwayelekile. Kulesi sihloko sizobuka ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zomculo.

Ingoma

Kubonakala emuva esikhathini esidlule. Ihlanganisa umbhalo wezombhalo nge-songbook elula elula. Lolu hlobo oludala kakhulu nolusisekelo, ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwalo, lwaluhlukaniswa kakhulu. Izingoma zokuqala ezidalwe ngabantu zadlulisela zonke izinhlobo zokuphila zasemaphandleni (ikhalenda-isiko, umndeni-umndeni, umdanso ojikelezayo nomdanso). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imisebenzi eminingi yobunikazi yokubhala ibonakala.

Izinhlobo ze-Vocal ze-Renaissance: iMisa

Lona yigama lokubunjwa okulotshwe kumasiko wenkolo. Enhliziyweni yezingoma kukhona amatheksthi athathwe esitatimendeni somkhosi wesiLatin futhi wabeka umculo. Kule hlobo, abaqambi be-Renaissance ngasekupheleni babhala: Lasso, Palestrina. Ubukhulu buqukethe izingxenye ezinhlanu: Kirie, Creedo, Gloria, Agnus Dei noSanctus. Kuze kube sekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, imisebenzi yalolu hlobo yayidalwa kuphela i-chorus yamadoda, ingxenye ye-soprano yenziwa ngabafana.

I-Motet

Kwabonakala eFrance phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Izinhlobo eziningi zomculo womculo walesi sikhathi zabhalwa ngesitayela samafonti. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu - i-motet. Wahlanganisa izingoma eziningana ngemibhalo ehlukene. Futhi izwi eliphansi (i-tenor) lihlabelela ngesiLatini, futhi konke okunye (ama-motetus, triplum, duplum) - amaqembu ngesiFulentshi. Okuqukethwe kwamathekisthi kwakuhlekisayo noma kumnandi. Wabhalwa ama-motet we-choir ngokuhambisana kwe-instrumental ne-cappella. Lolu hlobo lubhekiswe yiPalestina, J. Despres, G. Dufais, futhi kamuva nguWo Mozart, G. Handel, A. Bruckner, J. Brahms.

Madrigal

Lolu hlobo luvela e-Italy phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Ngaleso sikhathi i-madrigal yayiyingoma yobuciko, ingoma ye-polyphonic ngaphandle kokuhambisana. Njengomthetho, wayegqoka umhlaba, ngokwezinga elithile, ngisho nokuthanda okuqukethwe. Isici esiyingqayizivele sezingoma zalolu hlobo uhlobo lokubhala.

I-Villanella

Ingabe u-predrices of madrigal. Igama elithi "Vilanella" lihunyushwa njengengoma yendawo. Imisebenzi yalolu hlobo, ebhalwe efomini ye-verse-stanza, yayihloselwe Ukubulawa ngamathathu amathathu noma amane. Indawo yokugcina impahla yakwaWilanell, njengomthetho, i-polyphonic, okuqukethwe kunamahlaya noma umfundisi. Ingoma eyinhloko yoma ingoma (izwi eliphezulu) yenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa, futhi izingxenye ezisele zenza indima yokuhambisana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo msebenzi wawuphathwe izinsimbi zomculo.

Ukuthandana

Lolu hlobo lwama-vocal music olwakhulunywa ngalo lwakhiwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Ukuthandana ngumsebenzi womculo obhalwe ngezwi ngokuhambisana (ihabhu, upiyano, isiginci). Kulolu daba, umsebenzi wokuhambisana uhlanganisa ukudalulwa okuphelele kokuqukethwe komsebenzi, okuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okujulile okubucayi nokucashile komlobi. Abaqambi abadumile njengoP. Tchaikovsky, uM. Mussorgsky, u- A. Alyabyev, uMnuz Glinka, uS. S. Rakhmaninov nabanye babhekisela kulolu hlobo.

I-Ballad

Lona ligama lomculo olotshwe esakhiweni esidumile noma sezomlando. Lithinta ngokwayo indaba elandelanayo, eyamaqabunga futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isiqalo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-ballads okuqala omculo avela eScotland naseNgilandi. Benziwa ngomuntu ohamba phambili ehambisana neyaya, elandisa ngezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zomlando, ezenzakalelayo noma ezenzakalelayo. Umsunguli walolu hlobo ku-art art vocal is F. Schubert.

Serenade

Ezikhathini zangaphambili, ingoma okuthiwa yi-troubadour yabizwa. Ku-Renaissance naseNkathini Ephakathi, lolu hlobo luzuza incazelo entsha. Manje leli gama lisho ingoma yothando eyenziwa ngumnene kusihlwa ngaphansi kwefasitela lomthandi wakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umculi uhamba naye eginini, i-mandolin noma i-lute.

Izinhlobo zama-choral zomculo wezwi

Bahlala endaweni ekhethekile kwezobuciko. Lokhu kusebenza, kubhalwa i-choir, kuhluke inkululeko yokwakha kanye nesifiso esingavamile kulefomu yevesi. Zibonakaliswa ngokubhala okuphezulu kokuqukethwe komculo ngamazwi. Uhlobo olukhethekile, kodwa oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu umjikelezo wezwi. Yakhiwa imisebenzi eminingi ezimele, ebumbene nencazelo evamile yobuciko. Abakhiqizi abaningi baphendukela emijikelezweni yezwi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uSchumann, Glinka, Shostakovich, Mussorgsky, Schubert.

Izinhlobo ze-Cyclic zemisebenzi yamazwi

Ihluke ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. Ziqukethe izingxenye ezihlukene ezizimele ezizimele eziveza incazelo ejwayelekile yomsebenzi. Isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yomculo yale fomu yisimiso sokuphambene, ikakhulukazi tempo. Lapha ungafaka ama-oratorios, amasosha, ama-suites futhi, ngezinga elithile, ama-opas.

Cantata

Leli yigama lomkhiqizo onzima womculo we-lyric-epic noma we-content. It isayizi encane futhi ingafaka izinombolo solo - vocal, izingxenye choral, ensembles kanye iziqephu orchestral. Izingxenye ze-cantata, ezihlangene nesihloko esivamile, zizimele. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukuqhutshwa izinhlelo zekhonsathi njengezinombolo ezihlukene. Izingxenye ezihlukene zalolu hlobo zidlulisela izithombe ezihlukahlukene (ngokuzwakalayo, ngokumangalisayo, ngokuzindla): S. Prokofiev "Alexander Nevsky".

I-Oratorio

Umsebenzi ohlanganisiwe wezinga elikhulu, elisekelwe esiqhingini esinobuqhawe-esinobuciko. Ukuze sikucacise, umlandeli noma umfundi uvame ukufakwa ekubunjweni kwabadlali. Lo msebenzi, njengombuso, ubhalelwe i-choir, abaculi-soloists kanye ne-orchestra. Kulolu hlobo, abaqambi abaningi basebenze: UJS Bach "Ukukhathazeka kukaJohane", K. Saint-Samson "USamsoni noDelala", I. Stravinsky "iNkosi u-Oedipus."

I-suite ye-choir

Lena umjikelezo ohlanganisa izinombolo ezizimele ezihlobene nomqondo ovamile. Kulokhu, umdlalo ngamunye uhloselwe ukuthunga noma ukukhanyisa ubuso obuhlukile bomqondo oyinhloko. Isibonelo esicacile somjikelezo onjalo yi-suite "Izithombe eziyisihlanu zezithombe". Kuyo, izinombolo zomculo, zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, zidwebe izithombe ezimibalabala zemifanekiso ethile ("Isidlo sabasimilayo", "i-Mermaids", "Ukulinganisa Kwezintambo").

I-Opera

Lona umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu ohlanganisa izinhlobo zomculo wezingoma nomculo, kanye nobuciko bokudweba nokudweba. Kubhaliwe ukusebenza nge-orchestra, i-choir kanye ne-soloists. Indima eholayo lapha inikezwa ngezinombolo zomuntu ngabanye (arias, arioso kanye ne-arietto), ekhombisa izithombe nemicabango yabalingiswa abakhulu.

Izinhlobo zoLuturgical zomculo wezwi

Bahlala endaweni enkulu ekhonsathini yomkhuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingoma zomculo ezingama-Orthodox (amaVespers kaRachmaninov, ama-Grechaninov noTchaikovsky's Liturgy) athandwa kakhulu, kanye namaKatolika (Verdi's, Mozart's Requiem). Ngenkathi imikhosi yenkolo, le misebenzi ifakwa ngezenzo zamasiko, imithandazo kanye nezinkambiso. Futhi esigabeni sekhonsathi bafana ne-cantata noma i-oratorio, ehlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene-ama-ensembles, ama-choirs, ama-arias. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20, izinhlobo zolimi lwe-liturgical zizuza izinto zomhlaba. Isibonelo esicacile yi-"Requiem" yaseKabalevsky naseBrithten, kanye nomsebenzi we Shchedrin "I-Angel Impress".