Ubuciko kanye EzokuzijabulisaArt

Umsebenzi wobuciko okuhlobisa Folk Art: Izinhlobo

Okuhlobisa Folk Art ezweni lethu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko ethandwa. izithombe olusankondlo, imizwa, esingokwemvelo, imigwaqo kanye kuqondwe bonke abantu. It kugxilisa umuzwa ubuhle, kuyasiza ukwakha ubuntu ngokuvumelanayo athuthukile. Kokuba esekelwe yamasiko obuciko lasendulo, kwezobuciko okuhlobisa kunomphumela omuhle imfundo yomuntu yesikhathi esizayo. Imisebenzi zidalwe kubantu wezingcweti, ibonisa uthando ngoba izwe bomdabu, ikhono lokubona nokuqonda ubuhle bomhlaba.

Izinhlobonhlobo esikhulu yobuciko zokuhlobisa

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka production ezifuywayo emikhayeni umlinyana, futhi kusukela eminyaka XVIII-XIX kanye yezandla, enikeziwe nemizana ka nezinto ezihlukahlukene ezenziwe ngobumba, ukhuni nensimbi, izindwangu ezinyathelisiwe, amathoyizi Ceramic futhi sokhuni, ukhaphethi nabanye. Ukuthandwa kakhulu kwaba ithole edumile by ukukhanya yayo futhi ngokwenama Gorodets Umdwebo izinkuni, Dymkovo imifanekiso kanye kuzwakala ngobumba, lukutinskih zaveza lacquer amabhokisi. Ngayinye yalezi izinto - umkhiqizo Folk art zokuhlobisa. igolide Ngokhuni - Khokhloma Umdwebo - Sinesithakazelo esikhulu eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.

yezandla Original babe eliseMpumalanga Ekude, North-Russian, eSiberia ne eCaucasus. Ayedumile ukucutshungulwa zensimbi Dagestani Kubachi, imidwebo Ceramic e Balkhar, notching ukhuni esiliva Untsukul. Folk art zokuhlobisa, zama-okuyinto zahlukahlukene kakhulu, emelelwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe lethu elikhulu.

Vologda lace - Folk okuhlobisa Art

Vologda lace zithandwa ngosonhlamvukazi European ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Futhi esikhathini sethu, kunabantu abaningi bezinye izizwe ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi aluka lace eRussia kuphela Vologda. Eqinisweni Elec, Kirishi, Vyatka futhi unesizathu siziqhenye imikhiqizo yabo. Cishe bonke babe izici zawo siqu esiyingqayizivele. Ngakho, Mikhailovskoe kakhulu enombala lace. Ezweni lethu, baye bathola hhayi ngaphansi ethandwa ngaphandle Vologda. Namkha kunjalo, njengawo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, laliyisikhungo e Vologda hamba isimangaliso ezimhlophe.

openwork eqoshwe

Openwork eqoshwe ihlobise izinto ezenziwe amathambo usayizi encane: amabhokisi, ubucwebe amabhokisi, namacici, iziqhano zokuhloba. Umsebenzi wobuciko okuhlobisa Folk Art - Bone lace - ngakho ngokusankondlo ngokuthi openwork eqoshwe.

I kabanzi kunazo ezintathu izinhlobonhlobo nomhlobiso e ahlabayo wethambo:

  • Geometric - interweaving lemigqa kanye Curves.
  • Imifino.
  • Rocaille - stylization esime a uhlu olunezinombolo.

Technique openwork ngentambo isetshenziselwe ukudala izingoma nomhlobiso nesakhiwo based. I impahla eluhlaza kuyinto evamile cow bone.

umsebenzi omuhle openwork eqoshwe kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile: Needle, scribing, Klepikov, jigsaws.

Beading

Beading bangaziqhayisa nomlando omude, njengoba enza ubuhlalu. Abakhileyo eGibhithe lasendulo kuqala kahle ikhono beluka imigexo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesisekelo ubuhlalu elincane anemibala ezenziwe ngengilazi, futhi ahlotshiswa izingubo zabo. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa bead iqhakazile ngempela ngekhulu leshumi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, izakhamuzi Venice siyazise namaqhinga ukuhweba. Ubuhlalu ehlotshisiwe zemali ukunethezeka izikhwama, izicathulo, izingubo kanye nezinye izinto nifty.

Lapho ubuhlalu uvele Melika, uye esikhundleni ngezinto zesintu esetshenziswa abantu bomdabu. Lapha banqamula obhasikidi imbeleko, namacici, isinemfu.

Abantu eNyakatho Ekude abangu ehlotshiswe lobuhlalu efekethisiwe amabhuzu, amajazi, reindeer amahhanisi, headgear.

batik

Batik - yokudweba indwangu ngezandla zakhe usebenzisa isakhiwo kokungathembeki. Ubuchwepheshe kusekelwe okwashiwo ukuthi ingcina iraba, upharafini, lapho isetshenziswa le ndwangu hhayi badabula upende uqobo.

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana batik - nodular, kushisa, Shibori, abandayo.

Igama elithi "i-batik" Indonesian, okusho "ukudweba", "dweba", "amboze amathonsi."

Le Umdwebo iye yasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo izizwe India nase-Indonesia. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani batik uzile kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

imidwebo

Umdwebo ingenye amafomu yobuciko zokuhlobisa zasendulo impela. Kwakungenxa eminyaka iyingxenye ebalulekile isiko zomdabu kanye ukuphila kwabantu. Ngo temdzabu isiRashiya, lolu hlobo lobuciko zokuhlobisa kuyinto ejwayelekile.

Nazi ezinye izinhlobo Umdwebo:

  • Zhostovo Umdwebo - eyaziwa izikebhe isiRashiya, eyabonakala ekhulwini XIX edolobhaneni Zhostovo, esingekude neMoscow. It kungokwalabo yezandla ethandwa kakhulu, okuyinto ukudala Russian Folk art. Famous Zhostov emathileyi ngesineke ngesandla. Ngokuvamile ukuboniswa sezimbali izimbali on isizinda black.
  • Umdwebo Gorodets - izikebhe, ezavela Maphakathi nekhulu XIX emzini Gorodets. Ukudweba ukugqama ezahlukene kanye banganhlanhlatsi. Izihloko ke - imifanekiso wamahhashi, izigcawu uhlobo, amaphethini ezimibalabala. iminyango ehlotshisiwe, amafasitela, ifenisha, amasondo ukuphotha.
  • Khokhloma Umdwebo - omunye yezandla endala. Yavela Khokhloma XVII leminyaka, eduze Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma Umdwebo - Umdwebo zokuhlobisa lezinto sokhuni, senziwa ngemuva yegolide abamnyama, obomvu, ngezinye izikhathi oluhlaza. Ngemva emaphethini Kwenziwa imikhiqizo enamathela Ukwakheka ekhethekile nokucubungula kathathu esithandweni ephumelelisa umbala uju-segolide esiyingqayizivele. Ukuze Khokhloma yendabuko amajikijolo Rowan kanye sitrobheli obomvu, amagatsha futhi izimbali. Ngokuvamile ku izingoma efakiwe izilwane, izinhlanzi nezinyoni, ayenze lukhuni kwenziwe umsebenzi bangempela Folk art zokuhlobisa. igolide Ngokhuni - ngakho ivame ukubizwa Khokhloma imidwebo.

Ujwayelene kwezihloko ezahlukene yezandla kazwelonke lisetshenziswe enkulisa ekuthuthukiseni zezingane.

Dymkovo ithoyizi

Imikhiqizo Kirov amakhosi abatelekile amaphethini egqamile futhi ngezabelo ababezibheka shape. Zonke elate begqoke ehlotshisiwe, zaveza izintokazi-frantihi esihle, amaponi, amaqhude, izimbuzi. Dymkovo ithoyizi siqala 1811. On iholide Vjatskom ithengiswe bakhe onodoli ngobumba ngesineke. Clay amathoyizi benziwa amakhosi Dymkovo emzaneni. Bakwenza nemikhaya yabo.

Manje ifektri ukhiqiza Dymkovo amathoyizi, usebenza Kirov.

filimonovo ithoyizi

Ayikho Folk art kancane odumile has isikhungo edolobhaneni Filimonovo eduze Tula, lapho sizalwa omkhulu ubumba amathoyizi. Abantu nezilwane, eyenziwe izingcweti, ezihlukile zikanokusho imiva kakhulu. Lokhu nabalimi abancane, abesifazane, amadoda, izinkomo, abagibeli abagibele amahhashi, izimvu. Filimonov amathoyizi akakwazi kudidaniswe nezinye, njengoba bekhulisa izici zabo esiyingqayizivele ngesimo sculpting nokudweba. Badlala bonke imibala rainbow.

Ingane, owabona ithoyizi filimonovo banezimfanelo umbala angajwayelekile kanye ifomu, ivusa lokusungula.

Kargopol ithoyizi

Kargopol - lingumuzi wasendulo, ogama izakhamizi Sekuyisikhathi eside wahlanganyela zobumba. Isikhathi esiningi benza izitsha, kodwa abanye abaculi wahlanganyela ithoyizi nobumba. Nokho, ngo-1930 umsebenzi wokudoba kufikile labhidlika. Ukubuyisela Kargopol workshop okwenzeka ngo-1967.

Kargopol amathoyizi bheka ngokuqinile ngokumelene isizinda Dymkovo egqamile futhi Filimonovsky. imibala ekhishwa kuze nsundu, omnyama kumnyama umbala oluhlaza. Kukhona kumnandi, elula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufudumala esiwuhogelayo kanye namahlaya. Lokhu ongumlimi abesifazane, amadoda darnel, unodoli nge wheel ukuphotha.

Gzhel izitsha

Eduze eMoscow kuyinto edolobhaneni Gzhel. Kusukela ngekhulu le-14 lapho babehilelekile zobumba. Phakathi izitsha akuvumela Kvasnikov - amapuleti namathoyizi ukuthi zipendwe ngemibala ensundu ophuzi ngoba izitsha zobumba. Manje zobumba ekhishwe Gzheli, kukhona emhlabeni odumile. Isizathu salokhu - umumo eyingqayizivele kanye nomklamo. Gzhel zobumba ezahlukene blue imidwebo, senziwe kungemuva elimhlophe. Nokho, blue akuyona eyohlobo. Uma ubuka eduze, ungakwazi ukuthola shades ezicashile kanye nengxenye-amathoni, zivuse imicabango yini ngesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza, umfula nechibi lamanzi. Ngaphezu izitsha Gzheli ukukhiqiza amathoyizi kanye eziqoshiwe encane. Zonke elenza master, eshaya Ukuvumelana ifomu kanye nokuqukethwe. Lona isiqephu wangempela Folk art zokuhlobisa. Gzhel ukuthenga wonke umuntu uyaphupha.

Ubuciko okuhlobisa enkulisa

Ubuciko Folk abaculi wokuthi iyigugu hhayi abantu abadala kuphela. Kubalulekile izingane, abangakwazi ukudlala ugqozi futhi matryoshka izinkuni, amathoyizi ubumba Kirov sezingcweti. Art luvusa isithakazelo sabantu imibono yezingane yokuqala, futhi asinazo izithombe ezimibalabala. Kuyaqondakala izingane, ngoba okuqukethwe kwawo elula sikubeke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uyaqala phambi ubuhle ingane emzungezile. Lapha futhi ozithandayo izithombe lwasemaphusheni kwezilwane, zazo ezenziwe ngobumba noma ukhuni, nemihlobiso izimbali, izithelo kanye namahlamvu, hhayi nje umbono ekuphileni. Nkosi, wahlanganyela yokukhiqiza amathoyizi ubumba, ngokuvamile ukupenda umsebenzi wabo amaphetheni ngamajamo weJiyomethri: emapheshana, amasongo, imibuthano. Lezi zinombolo futhi kukhona izingane waqonda. Zonke ubumba kanye nemikhiqizo izinkuni izinkulisa akuyona umhlobiso ingaphakathi kuphela. Uholwa umfundisi ongumakad 'ebona, guys kuthiwa ebhekisisa kuye, ukwenza umdwebo wabo futhi Modeling esekelwe amasampula yezandla.

Okuhlobisa Folk Art enkulisa kuyingxenye yokuphila kwezingane, nibakhulisa injabulo, ukwandisa khathizwe ezikhandla nethonya elihle ukunambitheka kwezobuciko. Esikhathini pre-school izikhungo zemfundo kufanele kube inombolo ezanele yezandla. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ukuhlobisa Interiors amaqembu, ukuthuthukisa kubo emva kwesikhashana. Art izingcezu aboniswa izingane lapho kwenziwa izingxoxo mayelana Folk abaculi. Zonke izinto ezinje kumele agcinwe amakhabethe yokutadisha pedagogy. Badinga ukuba avuselelwe futhi basakaza kwezokudoba. Abantwana abasebancane okudingeka siwathole, amathoyizi fun waphenduka amathoyizi lokhuni. iqembu phakathi guys ezifaneleke kangcono Filimonov futhi Kargopol. amaqembu izingane ezindala ukufinyelela zonke izinhlobo abantu amathoyizi, kuhlanganise ubumba kanye nokhuni.

udini okuhlobisa e sabaqalayo inikeza izingane izitsha, ezihlukahlukene izibalo izindikimba Folk amathoyizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane zingenza imihlobiso onodoli encane, izipho for omama, ogogo, nawodadewabo, for the holiday Mashi 8.

Ngaphansi kwethonya izifundo ngezihloko of yezandla kazwelonke nezingane maningi esijulile ubheke imifanekiso themes Russian Folk yezinganekwane. Folk amathoyizi ingcebo kwezikhonzi zakhe ukusabalalisa umcabango ingane ukumodeliswa ekilasini, okwenza kube ulwazi acebile mayelana nezwe ozungezayo kuye. Amakilasi usebenzisa njengoba imifanekiso Folk art izinto ukunikeza izingane ithuba ukuthuthukisa umqondo.

Nokho, umphumela omuhle lokhu kufinyelelwa kuphela uma ingane njalo futhi ngendlela ehlelekile ukwethula izikhonzi yobuciko neyezandla. Ngokusekelwe ulwazi bewakha ngezandla zabo imisebenzi zokuhlobisa. Basuke abamenyiwe nokuzala umsebenzi Folk art zokuhlobisa (ikhona). Ama ifotho, uma engekho khona umsebenzi uqobo, ukusiza ingane ukucabanga ukuthi uyobadonsela noma sculpt.

Desire izingane ukuba bahlanganyele ukudalwa izinto ezinhle buvezwa ukunakwa thishela akwati lezi zinkinga. Kumelwe siqaphele yezandla Folk Yena, ukwaziswa ngomlando nangendlela ezibukeka ngayo. Uma uthisha uyazi lapho yezandla esizwe ahlanganisa lokhu noma lokhuya ithoyizi, futhi kungaba ezithakazelisayo ukukhuluma mayelana amakhosi okwenza lezi amathoyizi, izingane ziyoba nesithakazelo, futhi bayoba nginesifiso sokuthuthukisa amakhono amasha.

ezobuciko emabangeni aphansi

Okuhlobisa Folk Art esikoleni usana evumela izingane ukuba abuyele imithombo esikweni lesizwe, ifa elingokomoya. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, ukutadisha amagugu kazwelonke kwamasiko - umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke imfundo zokuziphatha izingane, futhi zizenza alwa yezwe labo. Ngo Folk yezandla umphefumulo komculo we isizwe evuswa inkumbulo komlando izizukulwane. Letha i-ubuntu agcwele, ukuthuthukisa inegalelo elikhulu zokuziphatha, ukunambitheka yobuhle, izingane akukwazi, uma inkulumo ekhuluma ngomsebenzi kuzoncishiswa ukucabanga abstract. Phela, imisebenzi ngezisebenzi kukhona engokomfanekiso izimfanelo best of uhlamvu kazwelonke: kuba Awakening lokuhlonipha umlando walo kanye namasiko, uthando lwezwe sisonke endaweni lapho wazalwa ngokukhethekile, ukuthobeka, isifiso ubuhle, umuzwa ngokuvumelana.

Indlela ukuhlela inqubo yemfundo ukuze uthando wezwe wawungelona nje uhide ibinzana kuhle, kodwa kwakulingana ngempela okushiwo engaphakathi esizukulwaneni esisha? Yini engenziwa uma azikho ukusebenza ezembula starkly isihloko lokushisekela ubuzwe? Kule ndaba, yebo, idinga indlela eqotho. Imisebenzi imfundo zokuziphatha-yobuhle kumele ziqondiswe systemically.

Ingane waqonda ukuthi kwakwenzekani enkundleni, kuphakanyiswa ukuba ucabangele sifundo Folk art zokuhlobisa (ikhona). Isibonelo umsebenzi enjengale kuyosisiza siqonde impikiswano.

Umnyaka yesimanje zidinga ukwelashwa ukuba kakhulu umsuka yobuciko. Storage, nokwengezwa Folk ubuciko, ukuthuthukiswa namasiko alo - imisebenzi enzima kangaka ebhekene othisha, othisha, abaculi.

ezobuciko esikoleni esiphakeme

Njengoba zikhula, izingane ziqala ukuba siqonde lokho umsebenzi bayanda abantu art zokuhlobisa. Libanga 6 futhi ehlelekile siphendula lo mbuzo.

Uhlelo umsebenzi lapho kutadishwa ezobuciko-grade 6 inikeza izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko womsebenzi zokudala:

  1. ukusebenza Graphic (imidwebo, umdwebo).
  2. imisebenzi okuhlobisa (imihlobiso, imidwebo, appliques).
  3. Ukubuka ekuhambeni nezwe (ingxoxo).

Lezi zinhlobo ukuvumela izingane ukuba bajwayelane sphere yobuciko. Kakade ngokuhamba uthando kuyacaca bona umphelelisi eduze kangakanani kulezi zindawo futhi kungakanani nomunye inqubo ukuxazulula imisebenzi emiswe hlelo. Uhlaziyo oluningiliziwe kuyadingeka okubeka ucezu Folk art zokuhlobisa ngamunye. Ibanga 6 - sekuyisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa ukunambitheka kwezobuciko.

Umsebenzi wezandla okufundiswa ezikoleni sisondelene nezinye izinto. Isebenzisa ulwazi eyatholakala kusukela cwaningo izincwadi, umculo, isiRashiya, umlando, ubuchwepheshe, biology. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba siqonde incazelo ngokoqobo eemfundweni ezobuciko, isidingo ako. Lezo zincwadi Yiqiniso nayo lafundvwako isihloko ezifana "imisebenzi Folk art zokuhlobisa". Indzaba (Libanga 6) ivumela umfundi kukhombisa lwati tesifundvo. Izingane ziba nokwazisa umkhiqizo wezandla zezingcweti. Badinga iqhinga umsebenzi futhi uchaze umsebenzi Folk art zokuhlobisa (ikhona). imisho 5-6 ngoba isenzo ngasinye nto tando suffice.

Okuhlobisa Folk Ubuciko Russia

Futhi Tatarstan nezinye izifunda Russian abathintekayo Folk art. Tatar zokuhlobisa umsebenzi egqamile futhi enezici. It elisuka izikhathi yobuqaba yasendulo - VII-VIII leminyaka. Esikhathini Kazan Khanate we Bulgaria iVolga kanye nokuthuthukiswa art ethambekele ukulandela amasiko Islamic. Oholela mkhuba babe ezihlukahlukene izimbali kanye imiklamo ezimibalabala. Lolu hlobo iphethini ngokuvamile kubonakala ezihlukahlukene Tatar art. Imihlobiso kuhlobisa efekethisiwe, lesikhumba KaMose, ukhuni eqoshwe netshe, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, ubucwebe, calligraphy. isitayela Zoomorphic okujwayelekile Bulgaria amakhosi umkhiqizo izikhathi yobuqaba.

I engavamile of Russian art zokuhlobisa kuyinto uhlamvu yayo mass. I-Russian art zokuhlobisa ngokuvamile ngokungaziwa. Gambs ifenisha kanye nobucwebe Faberge, ngaphandle kunokuba umthetho. amakhosi engaziwa wadala obukhulu kuzo ukupenda, ukweluka, izitsha kanye namathoyizi. ukukhiqizwa bokubeka Russia bangaziqhayisa ukudalwa amagugu enkulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.

Ubufakazi lokuqala ukuthuthukiswa eliphezulu UKWAKHA nezinto zokuhloba izimboni kungatholakala phakathi AmaSkithe izizwe ababehlala endaweni esisuka evela oLwandle Olumnyama eSiberia. Lapha, i-inzuzo lanikezwa umSkithe isilwane isitayela. Northern lwamaSlav, nabo abakhileyo eScandinavia, babutha izingcezwana eziyizinsalela nomhlobiso ihlanganisa imizimba kwabantu nezilwane, okuyinto fancifully munye. Ngo izizwe Urals Finno-Ugric wenza iziphandla ngezithombe amabhere nezimpisi, zenziwa ngokhuni, ngamatshe noma zethusi.

isithonjana-Umdwebo workshop zazingcono kakhulu kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ngo Palekh we-Ivanovo esifundeni athuthukile imidwebo emihle kakhulu miniature ngezihloko Folk yezinganekwane izingoma zika-black lacquer. Kusukela eByzantium lasendulo beza kithi art filigree ka Cloisonné koqweqwe lwawo, nginyathela, beading, omnyama, eqoshwe openwork ukhuni bone. Ekhulwini XVII kwezobuciko okuhlobisa ithuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ubuciko. It zaveza koqweqwe lwawo Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod ngentambo ku maqhugwane, blackening ku nesiliva elisendaweni Ustyug Omkhulu. Imisebenzi Folk abaculi zokuhlobisa art ukuhlotshiswa nokuhlobisa amathempeli nezigodlo.

Ngesikhathi uPetru weza ku vogue izinto Western: ifenisha, faience. Kusukela ekuqaleni XVIII esibukweni kwekhulu ukuba kabanzi. MV Lomonosov kahle ubuciko ingilazi, ngezibuko nezingodo ze KaMose smalt. abaklami Talented we XVIII futhi ekuqaleni XIX amaphrojekthi kwekhulu lakhiwa imihlobiso umhlobiso ingaphakathi. Ezinye abaklami wangaleyo nkathi waqala umsebenzi wakhe nge umsebenzi ubuciko, ezifana Rossi futhi Voronikhin. Senkantolo yasebukhosini kanye izikhulu Russia enikeziwe oda eziningi izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi bakwazile ukufinyelela amakhono phezulu. Lezi zinkampani zihlanganisa Kuznetsovsky izitshalo zobumba kanye zobumba, zobumba ifektri Popovski.

Lolu cwaningo Folk art kanye nemisebenzi yezandla libonisa ukuthi popularization Folk art ngendlela engcono kuthinta kokubili abadala kanye nezingane. Lokhu kuletha ukunambitheka yobuhle, ikhuthaza ukubukeka izidingo zethu ezingokomoya, kubangela umuzwa sibe nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe baso futhi esintwini. Phela, emangalisayo izinto ezimibalabala adalwe Folk abaculi, abantu kubani imvelo awanikeze ithalente, umcabango nomusa.

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