Izindaba UmphakathiInqubomgomo

US uhlelo ukhetho: sokugxekwa, abaholi beqembu, izici wesifunda. Uhlelo sokhetho Russia nase-United States (kafushane)

Ukhetho lukaMengameli luhlala luyisenzakalo esikhulu , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi livela kuphi. Kulezi zikhathi ezibucayi, isiphetho sezigidi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezigidi zabantu, sinqunywa. Uma ukhetho lomongameli lwenzeka esimweni esinamandla nesibindi njenge-US, noma, isibonelo, eRussia, lokhu kuyisenzakalo sezwe lonke, ngoba amandla amakhulu abeka umkhuba kuwo wonke amanye amazwe futhi axazulule i-geopolitics emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe, ngisho nabantu abade kakhulu kwezombusazwe baqala ukulandela inkambo yezenzakalo.

Lesi sihloko sibhekene nokhetho oluzayo e-US. Umfundi uzofunda ngokufana nokuhluka kwabo ngenqubo efanayo esifundazweni sethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobe sichaze indlela uhlelo lwe-US lwezokukhethwa ngayo olusebenza ngayo, futhi lubonise izinzuzo zalo nokuqapha.

Imithetho eyisisekelo yedivayisi

Ngakho uhlelo lwe-electoral US luhlelwe kanjani? Amandla e-United States ahlukaniswe ngamagatsha amathathu:

  • I-Legislative;
  • UbuJaji;
  • Isikhulu.

Kulesi simiso sabo sifana neyethu. Abameli bamagatsha omthetho nezomthetho bakhethwa ngokuvota, futhi emakhotho angase aqokwe (kuye ngokuthi imithetho yombuso othile).

I-Congress Yase-US iyinhlangano esemqoka yamandla omthetho, ihlukaniswe yiNdlu yabaMamele neSenate. Owokuqala uhlanganisa amalungu angu-435, akhethwa iminyaka emibili. E-Senate khetha abantu ababili kusuka kumbuso ngamunye iminyaka engu-6.

Isistimu yokhetho ye-US ibonakala kanje: umongameli, kanye nomengameli we-vice-president, ukhetha ikolishi lokukhetha, ngenkathi ecabanga ngamazwi abantu. Ubukhulu bhodi bulingana nenani labameli beCongress, ngaphandle kwesiFunda saseColombia. Akanayo ama-congressmen, kodwa kunamavoti amathathu okhetho. Inani eliphelele lebhodi ngamalungu angu-538. Isistimu yokhetho ye-US izochazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

Umlando omncane

Ukhetho lokuqala loMongameli e-United States of America lwabanjwa ngo-1789. Ngaleso sikhathi umholi wayenguGeorge Washington futhi empeleni wakhethwa ngokungafani. Wayengumuntu onamandla kakhulu wezombusazwe futhi wayethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhethiweyo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe ayishumi kuphela abambe iqhaza ekhethweni.

Uhlelo lokukhetha lomongameli wase-US lulawulwa ngokuqinile yizihloko zokuqala nezesibili zomthethosisekelo wase -US. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinyathelo eziningi zokulawula nezomthetho ezihlose ukuthuthukisa inqubo. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lokukhethwa kwe-US luhlanganisa imithetho elandelayo:

  1. Kusukela ngo-1965, okuvumela zonke izizwe ukuba zivote ngaphandle kokunye.
  2. Kusukela ngo-1984 ekudaleni izindawo ezihlomele abavoti abakhubazekile.
  3. Umthetho, owamukelwa ngo-1993, ohlobene nokubhaliswa kwabavoti.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kunezinyathelo eziningi ezihloswe ukulwa nokukhwabanisa nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene.

Uma ungangeni emininingwaneni, izinhloko kanye nezichibiyelo, abantu ababili kuphela abakhethwa emthethweni we-federal (lapho izakhamuzi zezwe lonke zivota) - lo ngumongameli kanye no-vice-president. Noma kunjalo, ngokuphathelene nezici zikazwelonke zesistimu kahulumeni, ukhetho alubanjwanga ngqo, kodwa lube sesiteji ezimbili, ngosizo lwekolishi lokukhetha.

Ikolishi yasungulwa ngo-1787, okuyisisekelo sayo ukuthi kuzo zonke izithunywa ezikhethekile zikahulumeni ezikhethiwe, ezokukhetha umengameli. Okubalulekile ukudala inhlangano enjalo kungenangqondo kancane, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyinto evamile yesikhathi saso. Ikolishi yadalwa ukuze abavoti bangavoteli okhethweni okuyingozi empilweni yase-US, isibonelo, ama-radicals ahlukahlukene kanye nabaqedile. Futhi nakuba lo mbono uqobo uphikisana nentando yeningi, uhlelo luye lwasebenza njalo iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

Amalungelo abavoti

E-US, uhlelo oluqine kakhulu lokubhalisa abavoti. Yilabo kuphela abavotayo ababhalisiwe eziteshini zokuvota. Ngenxa yobungqayizivele besistimu, abaningi abavoti banqatshelwe ilungelo lokuvota, isibonelo, ngenxa yokushintsha kokuhlala noma ngenxa yokungaveli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elincani kakhulu labavoti abangakwazi ukubuyisela ithuba lokukhetha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye uthi kukhona ukuthambekela kwenani elikhulu labasha abangekho emthethweni, kodwa izibalo eziqondile azikwazi ukunikezwa lapha, ngoba akukho uhlelo lokubalwa kwemali labantu.

Izidingo zabakhethi

Njengomthetho, laba ngabantu abadumile abangathembeka ukumela izithakazelo zombuso. Ngokuvamile, abakhethi kanye neziqalo ziyizici zesistimu yokhetho ye-US. Ngokuvamile kunezombangazwe, izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu kanye nabanye abantu abathembekile phakathi kwabo.

Inani labakhethi lilingana nenani labamele abakwa-congress laleli noma lelozwe. I-logic ilula: abantu abaningi, izikhulu ezengeziwe ezisebenza nge-US system electoral system. Lolu hlelo nenani lezikhulu lapha lifana nanoma yimuphi umbuso omkhulu. Kwamanye bathi abakhethi bamiswa yiboholi bamaqembu (republican and democracy), kanti kwezinye, ukhetho oluqondile lusetshenziswa ngokuvota.

Izidingo zokukhethwa kukaMengameli

Njengamazwe amaningi, isihluthulelo esiyisihluthulelo sokuba yisakhamuzi sekhetho likaMengameli, ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele azalwe e-United States. Ubuncane bomuntu oqokiwe kufanele kube iminyaka engu-35, futhi lo muntu ubophekile ukuba aphile eMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-14.

Okhethiwe ngeke abe ngumengameli ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Isethi ejwayelekile yezidingo, umkhuba ofanayo ezweni lakithi nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.

Uhlelo lokukhetha

Ngokusekelwe ezenzweni ezichazwe ngenhla, kungenzeka ukudweba uhlobo lwe-algorithm okhethweni nokuthi uhlelo lokukhethwa komongameli lusebenza kanjani e-United States. Nansi umsebenzi olandelanayo:

  1. Inqubo yokukhethwa kwabahloli iyenziwa.
  2. Ukuwina kunqobe amavoti amaningi.
  3. Abakhethi bavotela okhethwe ngumongameli othize.
  4. Imiphumela ithunyelwa e-US Congress.
  5. Umhlangano wamakamelo enhlangano ubala amavoti.
  6. Umnqobi uyinani elikhulu lamavoti.

Uhlelo olukhethiwe lwe-USA: abaholi beqembu

AmaRephabliki namaDemokhrasi yizinhlangano ezimbili ezinamandla kunazo zonke e-United States. Uyini umehluko wabo?

AmaDemokhrasi yiqembu elibheke emphakathini. Isiqubulo sabo sisekela abantu abahluphekile, izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zabangasebenzi, imithi yamahhala, ukuvinjelwa kwesigwebo sokufa. Ngokuvamile, inqubomgomo yaleli qembu ikhululekile kakhulu, iboniswa emithethweni ehlukahlukene eqhubekayo, ukuthulula nokubhalwa kwesabelomali.

AmaRephablikhi ayenamandla kakhulu. Bambelela ekubukeni okunamandla ekuphathweni kukahulumeni, futhi lokhu kuboniswa ngezici eziningi. Isibonelo, ukwabelana okunengqondo kwemali yebhajethi, isigxila ekuthandweni kwezwe namandla, ukuvikelwa kweklasi eliphakathi kanye nebhizinisi.

Kunezinye izinhlangano, kodwa abanayo imali, noma ukusekela njengalezi ezimbili ezingenhla. Ababhaliwe kunzima ukungena eCongress futhi ngandlela-thile bakhuthaze izithakazelo zabo. Okufanayo kuya okhetho likaMongameli - akekho ozoqaphela abaqokelwe kulabo maqembu.

Ama-Primaries

Lokhu, empeleni, kuyinhloko. Iqembu ngalinye livotela, elikhetha ukuthi ngubani ozoba yiyo kuphela ozobhalwa ngumongameli. Lokhu kunquma ukuthi uhlelo lwe-electoral system lwase-US lusebenza kanjani. Ngamafuphi, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemikhakhazo - ivaliwe futhi ivulekile.

Esikhathini sokuqala, amalungu kuphela amaqembu avotela okhethiwe ukhetho, futhi esimweni sesibili, wonke umuntu angavota. Isici esithakazelisayo senqubo yaseMelika ukuthi ayikho amagatsha amakhulu amaqembu aphethe ubuholi obulodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, umbuso ngamunye unezidemokhrasi kanye namaRiphabliki.

Inqubo yokuvota ayilawulwa yimuphi umthetho owodwa wezwe, futhi esimweni ngasinye lokhu kwenzeka ngendlela yayo. Nomaphi lapho amaqembu ekhetha ukhetho oluyinhloko, futhi ngezinye izikhathi avotela abaholi besifunda.

Isimo sezwe samanje

Manje i-2016, okusho ukuthi ukhetho lukaMengameli lwama-58 lusempumeni. Usuku oluthile lwamakhetho nguNovemba 8. Kusukela ku-Democrats okwamanje kunamalungu amabili ekhetho likaMengameli - u-Hillary Clinton, obambe isikhundla sikaNobhala kaHulumeni, kanye noBernard Sanders, oyisenenja yezinye zezifundazwe. Umphikisi wabo nguRepublican Donald Trump, umgidi wezigidi, ohola umkhankaso wokukhangisa onolaka kakhulu.

U-Hillary Clinton uyisidakamizwa esinamandla seDemocratic Party. Unolwazi olubanzi emisebenzini yezombangazwe nezokuphatha. Uyaziwa nje ngokushada noMongameli we-42 we-United States of America, kodwa futhi njengomsebenzi we-senator (iNew York State), futhi njengoNobhala Wezwe kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2013.

Umkhankaso wokukhethwa kukaHillary Clinton uyithembiso eqinile emnothweni we-US. Lokhu kuzoboniswa ekukhuleni izinkokhelo zesigaba esiphakathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungukunyuka komholo omncane, kanye nokwabiwa kwesabelomali.

UBernard Sanders ungumbhikishi wesibili oqinile ovela eDemocratic Party. Wazalwa ngo-1941, futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wezombangazwe ngo-1972, ezama ukuhamba noMbusi waseVermont (walahlekelwa lokhetho). Kwaze kwaze kube ngu-1981, walandelwa uchungechunge lokuhluleka, kodwa uSanders wathatha isikhundla seMeya waseBurlington. Wakhethwa kulokhu okuthunyelwe kathathu futhi kamuva wazama ukungena kwiCongress njengomuntu ozimele ozimele. Ngo-1990, uyakwenza. Kwabe sekuyisikhathi eside eba umhlangano we-congressman, wabe esethatha isikhundla senenator kusuka esifundeni saseVermont.

Uhlelo olungaphambi kokukhethwa kwalolu khetho luyathandeka kakhulu. USanders uyintandokazi yentsha yase-US. Ubhekwa njengomunye wabantu abaqotho kunazo zonke zehhovisi likaMongameli. Okuyinhloko kohlelo lwakhe ukwandisa ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle e-United States ngokudala uhlelo lomshwalense lwempilo olutholakala kalula, ukuqinisa ukuphathwa kwezezimali, ukusiza labo abaswele, nokufinyelela emfundweni ephakeme.

UDonald Trump yiRepublican enamandla kakhulu. Wayengumuntu obala kakhulu futhi ngaphambi kokuqala komncintiswano wokhetho. Uyaziwa njengomuntu webhizinisi ophumelelayo-ibhiliyoni, futhi futhi njengomuntu wezindaba. Uvame ukukhuluma nabezindaba, abe nenkampani enkulu yokwakhiwa, inethiwekhi yamahhotela nekhasino, ngaphezu kwalokho, uTrump wabhala izincwadi eziningana ebhizinisini.

Uhlelo olukhulu lokukhethwa kukaDonald Trump lusetshenziselwa ingxenye egciniwe yabantu base-US. Ungumphikisi othukuthele wabafuduki futhi uthembisa ukulwa nezakhamuzi ezingekho emthethweni zaseMexico nakwamanye amazwe. Kanye nabanye abakhethiweyo, banemiqondo ehlobene nokuguqulwa kwezempilo. Esimweni sakhe, okushiwo yizinguquko ukunciphisa izindleko zomshuwalense kokubili umbuso kanye nezakhamuzi ngokwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umele ukusekelwa kwebhizinisi, ukugqugquzela umnotho kanye nemibono yakhe ngenqubomgomo yangaphandle.

Izinkinga zesistimu yokhetho yase-US

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufaneleka kanjani uhlelo lokukhetho lwase-US, ukugxekwa kuphawula ezinye izimo ezikuyo. Okusobala ukuthi amaqembu eDemokhrasi namaRiphabliki asekelwa imali kusukela esabelomali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe azinawo ithuba, ngoba kumele zithole okungenani ama-5% wamavoti okhethweni olwedlule. Kuvela umbuthano ononya. Ama-classical falsification schemes angasetshenziswa futhi, isibonelo, ukufana kokuphonsa. Lokhu kungukuthi, lapho izinqubo zokuvota zihlinzekwa yizinkampani ezizimele, zingabanjelwa kalula ngabaphikisi.

Futhi kuleli lizwe kukhona uhlelo olubi kakhulu, olwenza ukuthi uhlelo lwe-electoral system lwase-US lusebenza kanjani. Ngekhulu le-19, ngokokuqala ngqa, ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-jerrimenderering basetshenzisiwe. Lona ukudwetshwa kabusha kwezifunda zezombusazwe, okukuvumela ukuthi ubone abavoti abangaba yingxenye yomhlaba noma yobuzwe, isibonelo, ukuze izakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezithile zivotele umuntu ozokhethwa ngenxa yezinto ezizithandayo (ubuhlanga, ezombusazwe, ngenxa yezithembiso ezithile).

Izinzuzo

Noma kunjalo, uhlelo lwe-US lwezokukhethwa, uhlelo lwayo olubekwe kulesi sihloko, lunemfanelo yaso. Konke okufanayo, i-geography yezifunda zezokukhethwa kungaba yinkampani. Umthetho wokhetho kanye nesistimu yokhetho ye-US yakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi uma iningi labahlanganyeli ekukhetheni ukhetho lihambisana nemithetho yonke, lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula ukukhetha okuthandayo kwabavoti ngokunembile, ngokucabangela izifiso zombili izindawo zasemaphandleni kanye nezakhamuzi zamadolobha amakhulu kunawo onke ase-United States, Ngokungafani kwekhadikhadi ngokuqondene nalezi zigaba zezakhamizi.

Uhlelo lwethu

Uhlelo lokukhetha lwase-USA naseRussia Kunokufana, kokuqala, ukuthi kuzo zombili izimo isinqumo senziwa iningi. Indlela yokubusa ngentando yeningi iyisimo esibalulekile phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili.

Okwesibili, kokubili e-US kanye nesistimu yethu yokhetho ikhiwe kumthethosisekelo. Kodwa-ke, lesi simiso sisebenza kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile, kodwa kuhlonishwa ngokukhethekile kulezi zikhundla ezimbili. Esimweni sethu noma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifike eminyakeni eyi-18 sinelungelo lokuvota.

Uhlelo lokukhetha ezweni lethu luchaza ukhetho lwamasekela kaHulumeni Duma, uMengameli, ezinye izinhlaka zezinga likahulumeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokukhethwa ezisetshenziselwa izindikimba ezibalulwe ngenhla ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuvotela izikhala ezinhlanganweni zesifundazwe nezomasipala.

Igama elilodwa lomongameli esimweni sethu lineminyaka eyisithupha. Ubukhulu bomengameli beminyaka engama-35, ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele aphile kuleli zwe okungenani iminyaka eyi-10. Bakhetha umuntu oqokiwe ohlangene nabantu abangaba ngu-100, ngaphandle kwalokho, imisebenzi yabo ifaka umhlangano wezigidi eziyi-1.

Ukuqokwa kwamakhetho kwenzeka yi-Federation Council. Inqubo yenziwa ngesikhathi (hhayi ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-100 futhi kungakapheli izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphambi komhlangano). Ngomthetho wamisa usuku lokuvota ngeSonto lesibili lwenyanga lapho okhethweni oludlule lwenziwa khona. Amongameli angenzeka akhethwa noma avela kumaqembu noma ngokuzimela. Kamuva, iKhomishini Election Central ibhalisisa abaqashi abahlangabezana nezidingo ezidingekayo, kubandakanya ukusekela inani elidingekile labavoti.

Ukuvota kwenziwa ezindaweni ezihlonyelwe ngokukhethekile, ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile komphakathi (ngale njongo, izenzo eziningi ezehlukene zokulawula nezomthetho zamukelwe, umthetho uthuthukiswa kuze kube yilolu suku). Abantu abaza emaphoyiseni kumele bamake ozobhapathizwa kuloluvoti bese bebeka lesi sigaba ebhokisini lokuvota elikhethiwe.

Ukubala kwamavoti kwenziwa ezinyathelweni eziningana, kusukela endaweni yokuvota kanye nasemibuthweni yendawo kanye nesifunda iyafinyelela ku-CEC. Ikhomishana Ekhetho Ephakathi iphoqelekile ukumemezela imiphumela ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi emva kokuvota.

Ukungafani okuyinhloko kusuka eMelika

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukungabikho kolwazi lwabavoti noma izindikimba ezifanayo ezingaba nomthelela ngandlela-thile inqubo yokuvota. Ngakho-ke, ukhetho lwethu luyintando yeningi ngaphezu kwe-United States of America. Naphezu kokulawula okunamandla kwamandla nomthetho kumazwe womabili, akumukeli eRussia ukuthembela ekupheleni kokuvota inani elincane labantu, njengase-US.

Yebo, okhethweni - lena ubushiqela eqinile, komgomo okungenzeka kanye iziyisikhombisa ahlukahlukene maqondana abavoti, kodwa womabili la mazwe, enze okusemandleni ukuze uvimbele noma yikuphi ukwephula futhi ukukhiqiza ekuthuthukiseni imithetho yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha nalaphaya wenza ukudalwa izinhlangano ezehlukene, elengamele ukhetho.

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