UbuchwephesheElectronics

Uxhumano nakunethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe. Uxhumano yelwati

Namuhla, amanethiwekhi nakunethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe ukuxhuma abantu emhlabeni wonke futhi abenzele ukufinyelela okunethezeka enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - zokuxhumana womuntu. Abantu ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa wengxoxo nokudlala nabangani bakho abaku kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Izenzakalo zaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngemizuzwana. Omunye uyakwazi ukuxhuma kwi-Inthanethi, wafaka ucezu yakhe kolwazi.

Imininingwane Network ubuchwepheshe: izimpande imvelaphi yabo

Engxenyeni impucuko womuntu leminyaka elidlule yesibili lenzeka ezimbili izimboni ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe - computer futhi ezokuxhumana ubuchwepheshe. Cishe yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka kokubili lezi izimboni ziye zashintsha ngokuzimela, futhi ngaphakathi kuwo, ngokulandelana, amanethiwekhi computer kanye ezokuxhumana zidaliwe. Nokho, engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lamashumi amabili ngenxa kwemvelo futhi interpenetration ka lawa magatsha amabili bolwazi lwabantu, futhi kwakukhona lokho esikubiza ngokuthi elithi "ubuchwepheshe inethiwekhi" kuyinto isethi engezansi umqondo ngaphezulu jikelele "yelwati".

Ngenxa yalokho ngokubukeka kwabo kwakukhona inguquko entsha kwezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni. Njengoba nje emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ngaphambili ezweni layo ubuso imbozwe inethiwekhi emikhulu, ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, wonke amazwe, imizi nemizana, amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano kanye amakhaya ngabanye babehlobene "ulwazi superhighway." Noma kunjalo, bonke baba izakhi ezahlukene zokuxhumana ukuthumela idatha phakathi kwamakhompyutha, lapho othile Imininingwane transmission technology isigcwaliseke.

Network Technology: umqondo kanye nokuqukethwe

ubuchwepheshe Network kumanele ukwakhiwa kuhleloxhumano lwedatha ukucubungula anokuhambisana usethe imithetho ukumelwa kanye yokudlulisa ulwazi, ukusebenza njengoba okuthiwa "yezifiso ejwayelekile", kanye hardware ne-software, kuhlanganise inethiwekhi adapters abashayeli, izintambo futhi fibre optic, nezixhumi ezahlukene ( nezixhumi).

"Ukwanela" kusho ukuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi Ukuncishiswa yayo, ebe egcina kungenzeka wokwakha inethiwekhi asebenzayo. Kufanele zibe ingozi yokwenza ngcono, ngokwesibonelo, ngokudala ke subnets, ezidinga ukusetshenziswa yezifiso emazingeni ahlukene, kanye spetskommunikatorov, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "imizila". Nge ngcono inethiwekhi kuba ngokushesha futhi eziqinile, kodwa ngezinye izindleko ngokuvakashela superstructures phezu eyisisekelo inethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe ingxenye isisekelo salo.

Igama elithi "ubuchwepheshe inethiwekhi" is avame ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo ngenhla ewumngcingo, kodwa luvame kakhulu ngobubanzi esichazwa ngokuthi iyiphi imidanti ethile futhi ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezithile amanethiwekhi, ezifana "wendawo computer zokuxhumana ngobuchwepheshe bamuva."

A-prototype ubuchwepheshe inethiwekhi

I sibonelo wokuqala inethiwekhi yekhompyutha, kodwa inethiwekhi ngokwayo, eqale e-60-80s. nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, uhlelo multi-esigungwini. Wethule iqoqo ukutjheja kanye ikhibhodi, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni amabanga ezinkulu kusukela mainframe ixhuma kubo ngocingo modems noma imigqa yaqashiswa, ezikhumulweni aphume emagcekeni ITC futhi kuwo wonke isakhiwo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle opharetha lekhompyutha ITC, bonke abasebenzisi banikezwa ithuba ukungena ezikhumulweni ilokhi yekhiphedi imisebenzi yabo futhi ukuqapha ukubulawa kwabo ku qapha, nokwenza ezinye ukuphathwa imisebenzi umsebenzi. Lezi izinhlelo ukuthi liqalise kokubili isikhathi algorithm ngokwahlukana batch processing, ngokuthi umsebenzi kude entry izinhlelo.

WANs

Ukulandela izinhlelo multi-esibulalayo in the 60s sekwephuzile. kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. It yadalwa kanye Uhlobo lokuqala inethiwekhi - computer Inethiwekhi yomhlabajikelele (GCS). Zazibophela le anamandla ezazikhona amakhophi olulodwa futhi igcine idatha eliyingqayizivele futhi isofthiwe kumakhompyutha ezinkulu, wawamisa at amabanga kuze kube izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, nge amanethiwekhi yocingo futhi modems. Lobu buchwepheshe inethiwekhi esake wahlolwa izinhlelo multi-esigungwini.

SSC lokuqala ngo-1969 waba ARPANET, owayesebenza US Department of Defence futhi luhlanganisa amakhompyutha heterogeneous ne yokusebenza izinhlelo ezahlukene. Bakhandwa ifakwe dopmoduley for ukugcwaliseka zokuxhumana zenethiwekhi yezifiso, ezivame ukuba wonke amalungu inethiwekhi amakhompyutha. Kwaba ku okungumsu kwakhe ubuchwepheshe inethiwekhi asetshenziswe okwamanje athuthukile.

Isibonelo sokuqala tekuhlangana amanethiwekhi computer futhi ezokuxhumana

GCS ngofuzo isixhumanisi kusuka amanethiwekhi amadala futhi global - .. Ucingo, okungukuthi, lapho ingacamelisa imigqa emisha yebanga elide kwaba eqolo. Ngakho-ke, sekuyiminyaka eminingi ayesebenzisa iziteshi analog izwi yokudlulisela ngesikhathi esithile ingxoxo eyodwa kuphela. idatha Digital idluliswe kwi ngesivinini aphansi kakhulu (amashumi kbit / s), kanye nekhono kukhawulwe ukudluliswa kwamafayela okwaziswa kanye e-mail.

Nokho, ifa ngocingo, SCS akazange athathe ubuchwepheshe core zabo, isekelwe esimisweni wesifunda usuke, lapho umbhangqwana yababhalisi sonke isikhathi sizofunda wema isiteshi ngesivinini njalo. I GCS esetshenziswa entsha ubuchwepheshe inethiwekhi yekhompyutha, isekelwe esimisweni iphakethe usuke, lapho idatha efomini izingxenye ezincane amaphakethe ngesilinganiso njalo zinikwa inethiwekhi unswitched futhi wathola ngabamukeli kunethiwekhi yabo ikheli amakhodi linamathele izihloko iphakethe.

ababengaphambi LANs

Ukuvela 70s sekwephuzile. kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. LSI kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni mini-computer nge price low nokusebenza ocebile. Baqala ukuncintisana ngempela nge computer enkulu.

Babé ethandwa kakhulu mini-computer-PDP-11 umkhaya. Bakhandwa efakwe ngaso sonke, ngisho amayunithi amancane kakhulu ukukhiqizwa ukulawula inqubo lobuchwepheshe kanye ngabanye inqubo amayunithi, kanye nezinkampani ukuphathwa umnyango ukwenza imisebenzi yesikhundla sakhe.

Kwakukhona umqondo basakaza ibhizinisi-wide imithombo computer, nakuba minicomputers babesayenza ukusebenza autonomously.

Ukufika kombuso LAN-zokuxhumana

Maphakathi nawo-80s. kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Thina kwangena ubuchwepheshe ngokuhlanganisa mini-computer inethiwekhi, esekelwe kokushintsha amaphakethe idatha, njengasezulwini GCS.

Baphenduka ukwakhiwa inethiwekhi izinkampani, ngokuthi lendawo (LAN - LAN), in umsebenzi cishe eziwubala. Ukuze indalo yayo, badinga kuphela ukuthenga adaptha kwenethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe LAN-akhethiwe, isibonelo, i-Ethernet, indinganiso ikhebula uhlelo, efakwe ikhebula yayo izixhumi (ezikhumulweni) bese uxhuma adaptha ukuze mini-computer futhi nomunye ngokusebenzisa lezi amakhebuli. Ngokulandelayo, iseva ikhompyutha wamiswa omunye yesistimu yokusebenza eyenzelwe LAN inhlangano - inethiwekhi. Ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukusebenza, futhi ukubusa okwalandela ngayinye minicomputers entsha akuzange kumenze izinkinga.

Akunakugwenywa ukuvela-Inthanethi

Uma ukuvela minicomputers bavunyelwe izimali computer ngokulinganayo angaphakanyiswa phezu kwendawo yakwa amabhizinisi, ukuvela ku 90 zokuqala. PC kwaholela ukuvela yabo kancane kancane kuqala emsebenzini ngamunye njalo isisebenzi ulwazi, bese ku zokuhlala abantu ngabanye.

Isihlobo eziphansi kanye nokwethenjelwa eliphezulu PC kuqala wanikela ituthuko enamandla ukuba LAN-inethiwekhi, bese kwaholela ukuvela inethiwekhi yekhompyutha global - Inthanethi, eshanela ezweni namuhla.

Usayizi Internet inyanga ngayinye ukhula ngo 7-10%. Kuyinto yokuhlanganisa core amanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene zendawo nezomhlaba wonke yamabhizinisi kanye nezikhungo emhlabeni wonke nomunye.

Uma esigabeni sokuqala kuya ku-intanethi ngokuyinhloko ngocansi amafayela idatha kanye nemiyalezo e-mail, kodwa namuhla ikakhulukazi inikeza ukufinyelela akude ukuba basakaza Information Resource futhi zomlando electronic, adayisa nokungathengiswa informsluzhbam emazweni amaningi. Lakhe ukufinyelela zomlando aqukethe ulwazi cishe kuzo zonke izindawo yolwazi nomsebenzi womuntu - kusuka tinkhombandlela ezintsha kwezesayensi ukuze sezulu.

Basic Network LAN-inethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe

Phakathi kwabo kukhona ubuchwepheshe core lapho isisekelo sanoma ibuphi inethiwekhi ethile lingakhiwa. Njengoba isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe ezinjalo owaziwa njengendlela LAN--Ethernet (1980), Token Ring (1985) kanye FDDI (ekugcineni 80s.).

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo. umholi LAN--Ethernet networking technology sekukhona ubuchwepheshe ekuhlanganiseni okufana classical lawo ukuthumela idatha isilinganiso kufika ku 10 Mbit / s, futhi i-Ethernet Fast (kufika ku 100 Mbit / c) kanye Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). Zonke-Ethernet-ubuchwepheshe banezimiso efanayo wokusebenza, lula inkonzo yabo futhi ngokuhlanganisa LAN-amanethiwekhi okusekelwe kuzo.

Esikhathini esifanayo, umnyombo cishe yonke ikhompyutha namasistimu okusebenza Onjiniyela wakhela kunethiwekhi yabo imisebenzi ukusebenzisa oshiwo ngenhla web-based ulwazi nobuchwepheshe. Kwakukhona ngisho ezikhethekile zokuxhumana OS efana iOS Cisco Systems Inkampani.

has kanjani ubuchwepheshe GCS

GCS ubuchwepheshe ku-analog iziteshi ngocingo ngenxa ezingeni lelisetulu ukuhlanekezela kulezi ezahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi control ubuchule obuphezulu kanye alulame idatha. Isibonelo sazo ukuthuthukiswa X.25 ubuchwepheshe namanje ekuqaleni 70s. kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Okuningi zokuxhumana ubuchwepheshe eziphambili - edluliselwe Uhlaka, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - emelela okusho "inethiwekhi digital nge amasevisi wokuhlanganisa", ivumela enifeza isiqophi akude umhlangano. Ukungena kokukude inikezwa ngokufaka PC ISDN adapters egijima izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha kunezinye modems. Kukhona isofthiwe ekhethekile ekuvumela ukuthi iziphequluli ezithandwa kanye namasistimu asebenzayo sisebenze ISDN. Kodwa izindleko aphezulu imishini kanye nesidingo walala iisxhumanisi ebambezela ukuthuthukiswa lobu buchwepheshe.

WAN ubuchwepheshe sathuthuka amanethiwekhi yocingo. Ngemva obhekwe wefoni digital Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital Umkhakha lakhiwe (PDH), olusekela ngesivinini kuze kufinyelele 140 Mbit / s isetshenziselwe ukudala amabhizinisi amanethiwekhi zabo.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha evumelanisiwe Digital Umkhakha (SDH) in the 80s sekwephuzile. kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. komkhawulokudonsa enwetshiwe digital iziteshi ngocingo 10 GB / c, a Okuwugqinsi Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) ubuchwepheshe - emakhulwini GB / c ngisho kuze kube eziningana terabits / c.

ubuchwepheshe Inthanethi

inethiwekhi Inthanethi ubuchwepheshe esekelwe ukusetshenziswa uxhumano ulimi (noma ama-DVD olimi-HTML) - spetsyazyka wokugubha imibhalo electronic, ehlanganisa isethi ngaphambilini yezimfanelo (tags), owethulwa pre Onjiniyela amawebhusayithi ngamunye amakhasi wabo. Yiqiniso, kulesi simo asikhulumi yakhe lephatselene nendzaba nobe imibhalo ingcaca (izithombe, izithombe) ukuthi kakade "ukulandwa" kusukela umsebenzisi Inthanethi, kumemori PC wakhe futhi zibhekwa umbhalo noma abahleli ingcaca. Lona okuthiwa Amakhasi ewebhu zibhekwa uhlelo isiphequluli.

Onjiniyela Web sites ukudala kubo kwi-ulimi HTML (okwamanje wadala amathuluzi amaningi kanye nobuchwepheshe ukuthi umsebenzi, bebonke ngokuthi "indawo isakhiwo") efomini zamakhasi ewebhu ndawonye, kanye nabanikazi indawo ezibekwe amaseva Inthanethi ngaphansi ukuqasha kusuka abanikazi amaseva isitoreji (okubizwa ngokuthi "aphethe"). Basuke abasebenza ubusuku nemini ku-intanethi, izidingo abasebenzisi bayo ukubuka amakhasi ewebhu zengezwe kubo.

Iziphequluli PC yomsebenzisi, wathola yiseva ye-Internet wakho wesevisi ukuze ufinyelele iseva ethile, ikheli lapho kuqukethwe igama eliceliwe Iwebhusayithi, ukufinyelela kule site. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ehlaziya HTML-tag kwekhasi ngalinye oyibukayo, iziphequluli yakha isithombe sayo kusikrini ngesimo lapho wayezelwe ngunjiniyela isayithi - nazo zonke izihloko zezindaba, imibala kanye nezinhlobo zemibhalo, ifaka ahlukahlukene ngesimo izithombe, imidwebo, izithombe, nokunye. .

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