Basics of electronics: izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe nokusebenza lobuchwepheshe ukufaka kagesi

Electronics - wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ewusizo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ethembisa, naphezu inani elikhulu ezisunguliwe osuvele ukhona. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba athathe isinyathelo, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi ziyini izinto eziyisisekelo kagesi ubunjiniyela electronics. Thina ngeke kubhekwe njengesibonelo amadivayisi esetshenziswa.

ukusebenza AC

Injini ezocatshangelwa njengesibonelo. Uhlaka kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi kulokhu kusekelwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: ezihleliwe kanye komumo wobuso. Ngu kuqala ukuqonda inductor, kanye nesesibili - ihange nge isigubhu emazombezombe. Okubalulekile kulokhu khona lezimo eziningana. Ngakho, inductor kufanele abe ukuma cylindrical futhi yazalwa ingxubevange ferromagnetic. Kudingeka futhi izingongolo ngensimu emazombezombe, okuyinto eqondiswa uzimele. The main emazombezombe ecucuza kazibuthe liyenziwa. Funda ukubala edingekayo incwadi amagugu ngosizo izinkinga ezivamile izisekelo kagesi ubunjiniyela electronics. Ngaphandle le ndlela, yokucucuza kazibuthe kungenziwa adalwe odonsa unomphela, zazo ogibele uzimele. Ngaphansi ihange waqonda nengaphakathi emazombezombe futhi ngalendoda. Eyokuqala eqoqwe of ukushisa namakhaza kagesi amashidi steel.

amadivayisi analog

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda izisekelo electronics kanye cabangela izinhlobo amadivaysi kakade ngesisekelo umsebenzi wabo. Isici esiyinhloko amadivayisi analog - ukushintshashintsha esiqhubekayo isignali eyamukelwe ngokuhambisana nenqubo ngokomzimba kuchazwe. Izibalo ke ungaboniswa njengoba umsebenzi okuqhubekayo, lapho kukhona isibalo esingenamkhawulo amagugu ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Leli cala anganika isibonelo: obuhlukahlukene air lokushisa, nefanele siguqulwe isiginali ye-analog. It is kuphumele iconsi voltage (nakuba zikhona ezinye izindlela eziningi ukuhlonza ke, ezifana nokuguqula pendulum bezimiso zawo). amadivaysi Analog ilula, onokwethenjelwa futhi abe ngesivinini. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwawo i okwandile. Nokho, ukusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukuziqhayisa ekhethekile isignali ngokunemba ukucutshungulwa - akunakwenzeka. Futhi, amadivayisi analog akudingeki okusezingeni eliphezulu umsindo amasosha omzimba. Bancike kakhulu ezicini wangaphandle ehlukahlukene (ukuguga ngokomzimba, izinga lokushisa, amasimu zangaphandle). Futhi, avame kusolwe ukuhlanekezela isignali ukuwudlulisa kahle ongaphakeme.

amadivaysi Digital

Basuke uzibophezele ukusebenza amasignali digital. Njengomthetho, it siqukethe ukulandelana ezithile pulses, okungathatha amanani amabili kuphela - "iqiniso" noma "amanga". Noma ubani owazi izinto eziyisisekelo electronics, is futhi bazi ukuthi kungenziwa ukusebenza ezahlukene isici izisekelo. Ngakho, umuntu has ithuba lokukhetha phakathi transistors, izakhi optoelectronic, udlulisela kagesi, chips. Okungukuthi, ukwehluka likhona, futhi kunzima kakhulu olunzulu. Ngokuvamile, wesifunda eqoqwe izakhi logic. trigger netibali (kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi) ezisetshenziselwa zokuxhumana. Kungashiwo okufanayo kubonakala wamarobhothi, ezishintshayo, Instrumentation, umsakazo kanye nezokuxhumana. Inzuzo ebalulekile amadivayisi oludijithali ukumelana kwabo ukuphazamiseka, kalula ukucutshungulwa kanye ukuqopha idatha. Bangaphinde adlulisele ulwazi olufana ukuhlanekezela ongaphakeme ukuthi kungenziwa indiva. Ngakho-ke, amadivayisi obuchwepheshe futhi zicatshangelwa akukhetha ezingaphezu kuka-analog.

semiconductors

Kulindeleke ukuthi ezihlukahlukene zalo izakhiwo futhi babe inkambu esizimele electronics. Okusemqoka kule lenziwe kudala, lapho imitshina crystal isetshenzisiwe. Ziyakwazi Semiconductor rectifiers eklanyelwe usebenze ephezulu imvamisa imisinga. Ekuqaleni asetshenziswa kumadivayisi esekelwe zethusi oxide noma selenium. Nokho, kwathi zingabantu ingasaphathwa efanelekayo operation kunalawo amadivayisi zenziwa ngesisekelo silicon.

Eyokuqala yimpumelelo yokusebenza isikhathi kule ndawo kungase ngiziqhayise O. V Losev - isisebenzi Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, okwadala kudivayisi emuva ngo-1922, lapho, sibonga isizukulwane oscillations engokwemvelo yathuthuka kakhulu amasignali wathola. Kodwa lezi zinto zenzeka, maye, kungukuthi athuthukiswe kahle. Futhi transistors manje emhlabeni asetshenziselwa (zinjalo transistors efanayo), okuyinto ngokuhlanganyela athuthukile Brattain, Shockley, Bardeen, futhi electronics yabo yesimanje manje yakhiwa. Basics of isebenza nabo, futhi nakuba kunzima, kodwa kudingekile noma ubani ofuna ukufunda futhi umkhuba kule ndawo.

Microelectronics

Ngendlela - iyona quintessence electronic, lapho izakhiwo Imininingwane ukufinyelela izindinganiso zabo esiphezulu. Lapha, kwabantu idatha ukugeleza iyunithi isisindo ngayinye iyi amaningi okukhulu kunalawo kwezinye izingxenye zalesi isayensi. Kodwa umsebenzi Microelectronics - i-information processing. Isebenzisa Izinombolo ezimbili kuphela: eyodwa ngekulandzelana zero. Kodwa umsebenzi esisebenzayo kule ndawo kunzima kakhulu - ngoba idinga eziningi nezimo ezinzima (cishe kungenakwenzeka) ukuqinisekisa endlini. Phakathi kwabo, nokuhlanzeka, ukunemba okuphezulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi.

ukulungisiswa Mathematical

Aljibhra logic esetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe. Yena yasungulwa Dzhordzh Bul. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi algebra Izimiso eziphusile. Ngezinhloso esisebenzayo, saqale esetshenziswa nososayensi waseMelika Claude Shannon ngo-1938, lapho afundela khona izifunda kagesi nge oxhumana ukushintsha. Lapho -algebra Izimiso eziphusile (obizwa nangokuthi logic), zonke izitatimende kubhekwe ukuhlala e amanani amabili kuphela: "iqiniso" noma "amanga". Ababona nzima kuphela. Kodwa mazwi alula ungakheka multi-ingxenye ngokuhlanganisa ngosizo imisebenzi okunengqondo. Uma ziyizinto kakhudlwana futhi uphawu (isib, izincwadi), khona-ke usebenzisa imithetho Izimiso eziphusile lingachazwa ngokuthi iyiphi, ngisho eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo izifunda digital.

Yiqiniso, ukuze ukwazi izinto eziyisisekelo electronics, ngemcondvo, ezicashile akudingeki lokumba. ukuqonda Kunalokho bakudala lokhu kuthambekela. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela isibonelo esilandelayo. Siye LED, shintsha futhi umthombo wamandla. Lapho isici ukukhanya burns - sithi "iqiniso." LED ayisebenzi - kusho 'zingamanga. " Yilokho kusuka ukwakhiwa inqwaba izinqumo ezinjalo zenziwa, namakhompyutha.

isiphetho

Sekukonke izisekelo kagesi ubunjiniyela electronics kuzosiza baqonde izinqubo ezenzeka kule ndawo. Futhi, ningadakwa ulwazi engadingekile yokusebenza ephephile amadivayisi lobuchwepheshe. Kudingeka sisebenze endaweni ukulungele ngokukhethekile le ndawo umsebenzi. Futhi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze igweme ukuba kube khona umuntu abanjwe ugesi. Ungasebenzisa amagilavu iraba (uma usebenza izintambo angenalutho) futhi amanye amakhambi. Usizo umkhuba ukusebenzisa ngomshini noma okunye okunjalo phakathi nokunamathisela ngomthofu.