Uyini lasesizindeni se-intanethi: nemiqondo eyisisekelo

Namuhla, cishe bonke abasebenzisi sokufinyelela embulungeni yonke -World Wide Web noma ukudala njalo LAN uxhumano usebenzisa okuthiwa yezifiso Inthanethi. Esimweni ngasinye, isimo ngokusebenzisa kwabo futhi ukumisa ingahluka kakhulu ngempela. Ake sizame ukubona nemiqondo eyisisekelo.

Uyini lePhrothokholi ye-Inthanethi: umqondo futhi umlando ekudalweni

Kukholakala ukuthi ukhokho wabo bonke-Inthanethi kanye elisungulwe APRANET inethiwekhi United States ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokuphindiwe ukulalela ngisho nemithetho lempi. essence yayo liqukethe ukusetshenziswa iphakethe ukudluliswa kwedatha, isb abanye izingxenye ethile engase iqondakale futhi idlalwe emuva kwenye esigungwini.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo lasesizindeni se-intanethi futhi ngesikhathi, futhi manje kuhilela amanye imidanti ukuphathwa idatha phakathi kwekhompyutha ezikhumulweni, amaseva kumadivayisi eselula, njll Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa kulungiselelwa esihlanganisiwe okunjalo futhi sebekwazi Ukuxhuma amadivaysi emhlabeni wonke ukuba nomunye ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile noma ukufinyelela ngesikhathi esisodwa nesisetshenziswa esifanayo.

Yiziphi yezifiso ye-Internet?

Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo yokuthi i-Inthanethi, cabanga ezivamile tangcondvomshini esebenzisa i-Windows (Mac OS X nezinye izinhlelo Unix-like ezifana Linux, thina ngeke kuthinte).

Kuze kube manje, kukhona ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo izinhlobo is a TCP / IP, UDP, FTP, ICMP, DNS, HTTP , njll Ungaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Yiziphi bahluke zonke?

Umehluko amanga kuphela amazinga target. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona amazinga ngokomzimba (ukudala uxhumano usebenzisa pair ezisontekile noma fibre), Arp-eziphilayo, kuhlanganise kudivayisi abashayeli, inethiwekhi ungqimba (IP ejwayelekile futhi ICMP protocol), ungqimba zokuthutha (TCP kanye UDP), kanye uyasetshenziswa, okubandakanya ezifana HTTP olandelwayo, FTP, DNS, NFS, njll

Lapha, ngasendleleni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngokuphelele wonke yezifiso (nalawo angaphansi isivivinyo Inthanethi) zilandele izilinganiso ezithile nge-ISO / OSI uhlelo, ukuze kuthi lapho zisetshenziselwa ezisekelweni ezahlukene neze ukuhluleka ngisho esimweni kuhluka Amasistimu wokusebenza multi-umthengisi, esetshenziswa ukuqalisa uxhumano. Akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi okwamanje ngokuphelele akunandaba yini Isistimu ifakiwe kukhompyutha noma i-laptop noma iyiphi izingxenye zokuxhumana njengoba imizila, inethiwekhi amakhadi, modems, njll okuhloswe ukuze usungule uxhumano.

Inthanethi IP (TCP / IP)

Namuhla, lo esivame kakhulu protocol ukubizwa ngokuthi TCP / IP. Empeleni, lesi simiso siqukethe ukumisa eyisisekelo (IP) kanye superstructure (TCP), engesiyo ngowokuqala ayikwazi ukusebenza ngoba ayinazo amaphakethe idatha ethunyelwe.

Sami TCP-pacts ithunyelwa njengendlela sicelo kuphela ngesisekelo IP. Ngakho-ke kwadingeka ukwengeza kuya ezintathu eziyisisekelo olandelwayo imingcele ezaziyoba isitoreji se-base adluliselwe Imininingwane isimo emabhokisini ngokwabo. Kuyadingeka ukuba baphathe izingxenye checksum eyabelwe nama-inombolo idatha ukulandelana ngamunye ukunquma kuqala futhi emgqeni ukuthumela, okokuhlonza okuthiwa qinisekisa mechanical idatha ukuthumela nokwamukela, kanye kabusha kuthunyelwa isicelo, uma ikhona, idatha uyabanda awuthunyelwe, noma cha Bakhandwa yokutholwa.

Lapha kubalulekile ukuba sinake futhi yokuthi ukuqoqwa yezifiso ezinjalo kuba olandelwayo kuphela IP-based. Kodwa okokuqala, esigabeni uxhumano isethaphu ke imodi sokudlulisa, futhi ekugcineni ukusungula ikhefu uxhumano emva idatha ukuwudlulisa reception usuphothuliwe.

ukumisa nokuhlolwa izindlela

Lungiselela Inthanethi e-Windows uhlelo akusebenzi. Udinga ukusebenzisa kuphela izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi (noma-AC), lapho umugqa ohambelana imenyu ekhethiwe. Ngaphambili, kwaba elula, njengoba i-Windows 7 futhi, in the izilungiselelo, kukhona izigaba ezimbili: oIPv4 ne IPv6 (singabali kwelinye iqoqo izimfanelo okuzenzakalelayo).

Ukulungiselelwa okuzenzakalelayo senziwa ngqo IPv4 (njengasekuqaleni). Kodwa entsha olandelwayo IPv6 Inthanethi namanje futhi uhlala ongaceli.

Empeleni, isheke kungaba kwenziwe ngisho ngokusebenzisa ukufinyelela isimo senethiwekhi usebenzisa kuthreyi yesistimu. Isithonjana kwephaneli njalo azisa umsebenzisi ukutholakala ukuxhumeka LAN kanye Inthanethi obakhathalelayo. Akukho lutho nzima.

Yini bakhetha?

Ngo ndaba olufunwa ukusetshenziswa uphrothokholi a kufanele wakhela phezu kwalolo kwabanye ngezinjongo kuhloswe. Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo FTP yezifiso ziyadingeka, kunalokho, ukulanda ulwazi indawo ethize noma ukulanda amafayela kusuka izinsiza ukusekela uhlelo ukudluliswa kwedatha. Ihlola i-Inthanethi Kulokhu, engenziwa usebenzisa izinhlelo ukulawula izicelo (loading athula), ithunyelwa eshiwo FTP-server.

UDP olandelwayo uhlobo alisetshenziswa njalo. Isikhathi esining impela, lezi izilungiselelo asetshenziswa imishini ephathekayo. Kodwa, njengoba kusobala, thina manje izinhlelo ezifana engabathinti, ngoba kwaba nje mayelana umile ikhompyutha terminals OSes-Windows, efakwe kuwo.

Noma kunjalo, umbuzo izilungiselelo olandelwayo, ngisho ezahlukene wokusebenza ngokuyisisekelo ezifanayo komunye nomunye. Okuxubile izingxenye ezikhethekile kuphela, bese kuphela ngegama lalo, kodwa ukufakwa kanye ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe isimiso uxhumano asanda kusungulwa ngesisekelo ezinye uhlobo olandelwayo Cishe efanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Windows, ekuqaleni ebekwe ukusebenzisa okungukuthi TCP / IP njengoba olandelwayo jikelele. Yonke enye into kungenzeka nge-othomathikhi noma ayilungiswanga nhlobo. Futhi asizange okwamanje wacabangela nge-WAP-protocol, amazinga afanele zokuxhumana mobile, kungagcini kuphela amakhompyutha.