WaseVenezuela umnotho: Uhlolojikelele nokuthuthukiswa

Venezuela - omunye uthi ngobukhulu kuleli zwekazi South American. It yakhiwa iziqhingi eziningana e oLwandle LwaseCaribbean, ayisizwe esikhulu okuthiwa UMargarita. Izwe indawo 916 sq. M. km komngcele Brazil neColombia. Ekuqaleni 2017 inani labantu laliphakathi ngokulambisa kwezigidi ezingu-31 abantu.

Njengengxenye ye-republic federal eholwa nguMengameli Nicolas Maduro, 21 abasebenzi. Ngesisekelo labantu Venezuelans (uzalo zamaNdiya namakhaladi abaseSpain) - 67% labantu baseYurophu - 21% wabantu abamnyama - 10%.

Climate nemibandela yemvelo

Emaphakathi ingxenye uphansi endaweni engaxubile emfuleni Orinoco. Kusukela enyakatho kuya entshonalanga elula Caribbean Andes Ukhahlamba Cordillera de Mérida, engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga Gvinskogo esikhulu ithafa.

Isimo sezulu sub-enkabazwe efudumele. Iningi enyakatho ngonyaka yezwe uhlushwa isomiso, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezimaphakathi njalo zonyaka nemvula.

Ikhava Lemvelo ezilapho: imihlume, xerophytic, nasemahlathini amnandi, ezomile savannah ubude, lezihlahla Emahlathini emvula, Gilea etc ...

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho waseVenezuela

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi izwe ezichazwe Latin America - isithekelisi uwoyela kuqala. Ekhulwini XVI umgqomo lokuqala igolide black usephumile kwengxenye ezweni endleleni eya Madrid. Ngo XVII-XVIII eminyaka, izinto eziyinhloko ezithunyelwa kwamanye babe indigo noshukela, ngemva kwesikhashana - cocoa ikhofi. Ngo-1922, eduze kweChibi Maracaibo cabimas edolobhaneni omunye Amasimu ngobukhulu uwoyela eziye zatholakala, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala boom uwoyela uye wenza izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni emnothweni waseVenezuela.

Indawo Amasimu iseduze kolwandle, Indinganiso low lokuphila (amaholo aphansi) kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu imithombo engaba sokucasuka bazihluphe zikawoyela. Phakathi neminyaka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili Kuye kwatholakala futhi wasungula amasimu amasha, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, bafika endaweni ingqikithi ayizinkulungwane 68 sq. M. km.

Esikhathini sifinyelela engezansi ngobukhulu yensimbi nsimbi le Orinoco River sika Kwatholakala, ukuthuthukiswa eliye ngokushesha ingavimbelwa US monopolies. Kusukela ngomhla ka-1970 ngevolumu ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle emnothweni yentuthuko Venezuela kwakungu $ 5.5 billion. 11% of isamba wathi ephethwe US.

Kusukela lapho 1975-1980. State esesikhundleni ehola kwezomnotho e-Latin America. Ngezenzo waqala ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda.

Isinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni ukuzibusa ubukhosi kazwelonke kwaba ukusungulwa amafutha nsimbi umkhakha. Izisekelo umnotho waseVenezuela manje elele ukulawula isimo egcwele. Ngo izimboni eziningi, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe bamenywa ukuthi bathumele 80% esigxotsheni izakhamuzi wezwe iminyaka emithathu.

Import and Export

Ochwepheshe bathi 50% emnothweni waseVenezuela - kuba namanye amazwe. share sengonyama of yokuthengisa zaba uwoyela nemikhiqizo ehlobene, itshe-nsimbi funa. Ohlwini ukuthekelisa - ikhofi, ukhokho, asbestos, igolide, ushukela, ubhanana, ilayisi, izikhumba, izinkomo, ihlathi.

Priority ukungeniswa - imishini zobuchwepheshe, izimoto kanye izingxenye futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa for uwoyela, imikhiqizo yezimboni ukusetshenziswa jikelele. okwandisa ukungena ukudla Minyaka yonke, t. Ukuze. Ezolimo ziyancipha futhi nje asikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo labantu. Iningi izindleko ukuthenga zaba-United States - angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 zamaRandi ngonyaka.

umkhakha extractive

Imikhiqizo eyinhloko embonini yezimayini - nsimbi. Amasimu amakhulu El Pao, San Ysidro kanye Cerro Bolivar ezimbiwa phansi ekhishwe indlela ivulekile futhi iqukethe-70% yensimbi. Lonyaka ukukhiqizwa yakhe kuyinto engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-15-17, 90% okuyinto lithunyelwa Melika naseYurophu.

Endaweni Upaty (Guiana Highlands) misela ore manganese. The Caribbean Andes nengcosana nickel isizinda Kwenziwa, phambili, i-zinc, asbestos, esiliva. Endaweni suburban saseSan Cristobal athuthukile phosphorite emkhandweni wensimbi.

ezimayini zegolide iqhutshwa El Callao. Lapha ngenkuthalo ukuthola ukukhiqizwa umfutho idayimane (ayizinkulungwane 700-800 carats ngonyaka). Ngo Kuchivero umcengezi kwatholakala idiphozi enkulu amatshe kanye idayimane ezihambisana nomkhuhlane. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana Venezuela has kwekulu idayimane umphakeli isikhundla phakathi amazwe aseLatin America.

yokukhiqiza

Ngokusho ulwazi jikelele emnothweni waseVenezuela kuze 2013. zokuwuhluza, zamakhemikhali umshini wokwakha umkhakha it is ithuthuka ngokushesha. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangaphezu kuka-50% yenani bezakhamuzi umkhiqizo unikeza yendwangu, ukudla, ukhuni, isikhumba, izicathulo umkhakha.

Ukuthuthukisa ngobukhulu yensimbi nsimbi wanikeza ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa imboni Metallurgical. Endaweni izitshalo eziningana nge ephelele umjikelezo nesizinda amaziko kagesi, izitshalo aluminium, nokunye. D.

ukukhiqizwa

At inhliziyo ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe embonini inhlangano imoto. Umnotho waseVenezuela kungenziwa kafushane echazwe njengo kokuthola izitshalo ukwesekwa ukwenziwa imishini wezolimo, kogandaganda, izinto zokwakha, amathuluzi nokunye. D. izinkampani Ukuthuthukisa ukuthi womshini kamabonakude imishini. A ukwakhiwa ezinkulu kule mboni yezimayini, uwoyela kanye nokukhiqiza kukhuthaza ukwakhiwa sites zezimboni ukwenziwa zokwakha.

imfuyo

Ngokuzalanisa izinkomo nge-55% ichaza ukubaluleka ukukhiqiza kwezolimo. Amapulazi basuke bagxila Llanos.

endaweni yobisi ukulima - esigodini Caracas, imicengezi Valencia futhi Maracaibo. Kulezi zindawo inyoni abaqoqi unikeze lo muzi amaqanda nenyama. Elomile LwaseCaribbean (State of Lara), ezazidume ngokutshala kwekulu imbuzi nezimvu amapulazi. Kule minyaka engu-15 edlule, i-scope bemfuyo kakhulu wayevelele kuqhathaniswa isivuno. Ukwandiswa ingxenyenamba mass amapulazi amakhulu asebenzisa izindlela zesimanje kulinywe nokunakekela isilwane.

ukuthuthukiswa Fisheries engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe (nogu laseVenezuela, Maracaibo echibini). nomthelela omuhle emnothweni waseVenezuela namuhla tiger nezimfanzi - le phezulu futhi lihlonishwa gourmets umkhiqizo.

Ihlathi yezandla benganikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu. Workpiece tannins, vanilla, guayabovoy resin iraba lisetshenziswe kwamakha futhi kwemithi, kwenziwe amanani omncane.

Nqampuna

Isimo unomlando for Latin America inani umhlabathi olimekayo. Okwenziwe kuphela ingxenye yesithathu yazo. Ngokusho kwemibiko yamuva emnothweni kwezitshalo waseVenezuela kubhekwa wemboni emuva kakhulu.

45% yenani kwemikhiqizo yezolimo unika ezolimo. 2/3 of umhlabathi olimekayo basuke bagxila enyakatho. Esikhathini Llanos ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ngomfula futhi ngesikhathi Andes. Le ndawo inkinga - nesomiso esinzima. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, i-Uhulumeni ususungule uhlelo ukusungulwa tekuphatfwa kwemanti alandelayo iminyaka engu-30 nge nokwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye neensetjenziswa izinhlelo inhlangano amahektha 2 million komhlaba.

Okwesihlanu isikhala elalihlala main ukuthekelisa izitshalo - cocoa ikhofi. impahla eluhlaza for elimnandi isiphuzo esiqabulayo likhula uthi sezintaba enyakatho-ntshonalanga. impahla eluhlaza for iningi ushokoledi emhlabeni kwenzekani e-United zaseCaribbean. Esikhathini Llanos ukotini izitshalo likhule kule minyaka 8-10, ugwayi kanye sisal.

ezokuthutha

Ensimini ka Venezuela izindlela zokuxhumana zabiwa Ukuboshelwa. Ubuningi esiphezulu imigwaqo nojantshi - enyakatho. Lesi sakamuva zimfushane, unconnected umugqa ubude. Ayizinkulungwane 1.4 Km. Passenger kanye ¾ yizimpahla ngomgwaqo.

Orinoco River - main mfula yangaphakathi, lokuthumela traffic kugcinwe kwi namachibi Maracaibo futhi Valencia. Ukungabi kanye izinga abampofu ezweni Railways ihlawulelwa cabotage olwandle. Esikalini olwandle yomthengisi imikhumbi ingenye abaholi emithathu eNingizimu Melika. Ukuze nokukhishwa uwoyela ongahluziwe nemikhiqizo ehlobene anemisila 23 izimbobo, ukuze ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa neminye imikhiqizo - ngisho 8.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ngoba umnotho Venezuela has emoyeni izixhumanisi eemfundeni ezikude eningizimu nasempumalanga. izindiza avamile ukuxhuma inhlokodolobha nge emadolobheni amakhulu, uwoyela amasimu izikhungo yezimayini.

obumbi bomnotho

2013th baba ngonyaka inhlekelele emnothweni waseVenezuela. Inkinga okukuthinte ngayo yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulondolozwa amanani aphezulu kuphela ukuthekelisa lezimpahla main - uwoyela. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ngaphambi obhekwe izikweletu lizwe Maduro esesidlangalaleni zaba 70% we-GDP ngenkathi kwesabelo sezimali ngo-14%. Ekupheleni emali 2013th kwaba 56,3%. Kulesi simo, iPhalamende wanikeza amandla oluphuthumayo umongameli omusha. Ukuze zakwazi ukwenza lokho okulindelwe izigidi abavoti, yisiboniso umemezele uhlelo okuhlaselayo kwezomnotho, lapho laqanjwa umkhawulo netinzuzo amabhizinisi angasese 30%. Ezweni kwakubikwa Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu impahla ebalulekile - ushukela, ibhotela, toilet paper. Izikhulu zohulumeni ziye kushiwo ngazwi linye ukuthi isizathu ukuwa kwezomnotho waseVenezuela zenkohlakalo, kokuqagela ulimaze empini eqhubekayo zezimali ngokumelene nombuso. Maduro saqalisa uhlelo ukuze alwe ukufunisela. Ngemva kwesikhathi esingaba yinyanga isevisi entsha ukuhweba inethiwekhi Daka zadliwa uhulumeni. Ukusungulwa eziseceleni on imikhiqizo 100% esikhundleni sohlelo kuvunyelwe 30% impahla kanye nokuphathwa nezitolo ezinkulu baboshwa.

2015: ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela

Ngo-2014, umnotho waseVenezuela, okuyinto ihanjiswe ngempumelelo ecaleni ngaphandle kokuntengantenga, wanikina elinye igalelo. Umhlaba amanani kawoyela baye ngokucijile kunqatshelwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka owandulele, imali black igolide nokuthengiswa kwehle ngo 1/3. Bezama ukunciphisa imali eshodayo kusabelozimali ebhange central ikhipha izikweletu eside, okuholela ukwehla kwamandla emali aqondene of 150% (idatha olusemthethweni ngo-Septhemba 2015). Ukuthatha omunye umzamo ukunqanda ukuwa kwamandla emali, uhulumeni siqhamuka nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kwamanye amazwe. Kakade ngemva kwesonto esemthethweni dollar exchange rate idlula emakethe Ezikhathini angaphezu kwangu-100. Ukunamathela imibono ka Chavismo, iphalamende eliholwa umongameli kungagcini amanani ukudla kuka okwagqugquzelwa kusilela Imininingwane impahla ebalulekile.

2016: isimo siya siba sibi kakhulu

Ngo-January, kwesokunxele Socialist Luis Salas umiselwa ukuba amabombo Ministry of Umnotho. Ukufanisa namanye amalungu apharathasi zokuphatha Maduro olusemthethweni ubona isizathu izinkinga umnotho waseVenezuela esiqintini, futhi impi zezimali eYurophu ngokumelene ezweni lakhe.

Ngokusho IMF izilinganiso, ngo-2016 ukuwa kwe-GDP kuyeza 20%, ezinto elokhu enyuke njalo abangasebenzi - 25%, lokhu kusilela isabelomali 18% we-GDP. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ye 550% ezikweletini Imininingwane sangaphandle ezingaphezu kuka $ 130 bhiliyoni nsuku baphokophelele umnotho waseVenezuela okumisiwe.

Lemali izimfanelo enkulu - bolivars 100 elibiza 17 US amasenti. Ayehle kakhulu amandla emali negates amandla okuthenga yezakhamuzi. Ngokwe-Center yakwa- ngoba Amaphepha Nokuhlola (Cendas) eziyisisekelo ukudla kubhasikidi ngoba kuwufanele izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili amaholo.

Namuhla: izimbangela kokuntengantenga

Izinto eziyinhloko ukuthi avuse destabilization kwezomnotho, kukhona izisekelo kwesakhiwo ezombusazwe, ikakhulukazi, ukwencika kwepahla, yokwehla abukhali kwamanani kawoyela emhlabeni, futhi inani ukulawula isimo phezu womshini nokusatshalaliswa imikhiqizo ukudla.

Ngenxa ukwenyuka kwesibalo kwezomnotho e Venezuela ekuqaleni kuka-2017 futhi ukwenqaba uMongameli Maduro ukuba livotele ku izinguquko inkambo okufanele isimo bebelokhu imibhikisho mass emadolobheni amakhulu. izenzo ezingaphezu kwesigidi izakhamuzi Angenelisekile iziphathimandla wathatha yedolobha ezitaladini nezidingo izitolo ukuletha izimpahla ezibalulekile - ufulawa, amaqanda, ubisi kanye nemithi.

Aphikisayo usola ihloko eyisibopho zombuso ekuphishekeleni imithetho engamukelekile we umashiqela Ugo Chavesa, okwaholela esibucayi ojulile ukuthi zaba zimbi ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Nicolas Maduro usegxeke Izicukuthwane wezwe kuleli bazoyiduba umnotho ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yabo ezonakele.