"Zadonshchina": ngonyaka wendalo. izincwadi zasendulo Russian we XIV - xv eminyaka

Injongo yalesi sihloko - ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana izikhumbuzo ezinjalo kakhulu izincwadi Old Russian, njengoba "Zadonshchina". Unyaka sokudalwa, umbhali, compositional nezici kwezobuciko - zonke lezi imibuzo, sizoxoxa nawe futhi.

izimo zomlando

Ngo 1380, umcimbi esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwama-hhayi kuphela Russia kodwa umhlaba wonke. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa impi ka Kulikovo, lapho AmaTatar anqotshwa. Lo mcimbi ngaphambili futhi for bonke sixoshe amahemuhemu mayelana ayenganqobeki lesitha, neRussia ithemba Polar sokukhululwa kwejoka iminyaka eminingi. Iphinde wakhonza khona njengenceku uyisicekelo ubunye ubukhulu emhlabeni phakathi edolobheni laseMoscow, okuyinto kwasho ekuqaleni isimo esizayo. Ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi kungani usindiso olukhulu kaningi obala ezindaweni ezisithekileyo etemibhalo basendulo. Abacwaningi bathi Kulikovskiy umjikelezo, okubandakanya umkhiqizo kufanele sibe nesithakazelo.

"Zadonshchina": unyaka kusungulwa, ulwazi olujwayelekile

lesikhumbuzo Okukhazimulayo Okubonisa izincwadi, indalo ngobuciko kakhulu ... Ubufakazi elingenakuphikwa ubuqiniso "Amagama ..." - zonke lezi zici zisebenza indaba yamasosha onesihloko esithi "Zadonshchina". Ubani owabhala ke - iphuzu moot, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba ixazululwe. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi lalibhalwe Sofony Ryazantsev. Leli gama icacisa umbhalo "Zadonshchina" nezinye imisebenzi - "Tales Mamay". Okunye ukwaziswa Ryazantsev abahlaziyi bemibhalo akudingeki. Kodwa-ke ukubhekisela lizisho nje negama lalo ukuthi Sofony wadala ezinye lesikhumbuzo etemibhalo hhayi esekhona. It wayeqondiswa futhi umbhali akaziwa, kusukela ngothi elafika "Zadonshchina". Unyaka ka-ukudalwa wezempi ungaqiniseki kwendaba (okuyinto akumangalisi izincwadi Old Russian). Lisikisela lokhu: umkhiqizo iyimpendulo ngqo izenzakalo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ukudalwa "Zadonshchina" ewela umngcele 80-90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIV.

Indaba ethulwa uhlu eziyisithupha. Bokuqala, esekhona, izazi ziye eyalotshwa cishe eminyakeni mi 1470. elinye igama layo - uhlu Euphrosyne. Okuhlukile simele nokwehlisa omunye umbhalo kokuqala ezinde ke sibonisa inani elikhulu amaphutha, ukuhlanekezela izinto, baphawula. By the way, uhlu Euphrasinia kuphela wasebenzisa igama "Zadonshchina". Unyaka Aqine inguqulo kamuva iningi indaba futhi ayifakiwe (mayelana XVII ekhulwini), futhi kukhona umkhiqizo ayekubiza ngokuthi "The Tale of ... Prince uDmitry Ivanovich". Kuyefana nasendleleni zonke ezinye okuhlukile lesikhumbuzo etemibhalo. Futhi onesici, kodwa uvumele abahlaziyi bemibhalo yokwakha embhalweni wokuqala.

Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo sendzaba

Ukukhazinyuliswa ukunqoba amabutho Russian ngaphezu kwesitha - uhlaka icebo has "Zadonshchina". Umbhali ngaleyo ndlela uyaqaphela ugwala parallel "Igama ...", kodwa ireferensi lesikhumbuzo elikhulu kuchazwe hhayi mbumbulu abayizimpumputhe nabangaboni juxtaposition ngamabomu ngesikhathi esedlule nesamanje (hhayi esivuna yokugcina). Ukukhuluma "Amagama ..." kwenza kucace ukuthi kuphikiswa ezikhulwini kwaholela enhlekeleleni phansi Russian. Kodwa kwathiwa esikhathini esidlule, manje unqobile ukunqoba laba bahlaseli. Roll nge 'Wezwi ... "atholakala ezingeni izindlela ngabanye (ukudlulisa isikhashana yemlandzi isuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye), futhi izakhi icebo. Ngokwesibonelo, Dmitry Donskoy ngendlela kwelanga ngaphambi impi - ngakho ukhuluma "Zadonshchina". Umbhali we "Amagama ..." (ngenhlanhla futhi ongaqanjiwe) ukhuluma kwelanga njengoba ngcolile bika.

Tale inezingxenye ezimbili. Kwandulelwe ngesingeniso, ngayo nefunda ngayo umbhali umisa umfundi a, isimo ekhethekile zemikhosi futhi umtshela izinhloso kweqiniso bezingelwa kokudalwa 'Zadonshchina ". Esethulweni ugcizelela indaba ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo, uthi eMoscow - njengoba isikhungo samanje isimo - iwukuqhutshwa Kiev, njll Ingxenye yokuqala umsebenzi - ". Isihawu" .. A Umlandzi okubonisa kokunqotshwa amabutho isiRashiya, ngilila amakhosazana efile futhi Boyarynya. Nokho, isimo ukuphakamisa: kunalokho "ezimbi" tshoda. Ngakho kwenzeka "udumo" lapho isitha wathatha ukuba izithende zabo, futhi rusichi ithole booty ocebile.

art izici

Poetics "Zadonshchina" buvezwa ukufana yayo nge 'Wezwi ... ". Umfundi ebhekene izithombe efanayo laba balobi abakuloba, epithets ukuthi imvelaphi ngokucacile folkloric. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona isithombe esikhulu okungokwenkolo nezinkomba ubuqaba futhi non-akukho. Le ndaba kuyahluka kakhulu kusukela praetexta. Umsebenzi "Zadonshchina" kuyinto heterogeneous kakhulu isitayela. Ngakho, kanye imibhalo olusankondlo izinsalela ukuthi kukhona kakhulu sifana temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ibhizinisi. Kufanele futhi avele ngokuningiliziwe lokulandelana, ukulalelisisa isihloko Prince.

"Zadonshchina" futhi "Igama ..."

Njengoba iye wathi, "Zadonshchina" abalulekile yokuthi efakazela ubuqiniso "uLizwi." Mithandazo ubuzwa hhayi kuphela ngoba phambi ukutholakala ngokuzumayo lesikhumbuzo Musin-Pushkin e 1795 "Igama ..." Akekho owayeke wabona emehlweni akho, kodwa futhi ngenxa ongavamile ukubaluleka bokubeka enkondlweni. Lokhu kwaphakamisa umqondo ka ekwakheni (futhi izibonelo). izinkomba Sakhe "Transdoniad" kwakufanele abuqede ngaso linye, kodwa ... kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi "uLizwi ..." yadalwa elandela isibonelo lesi lesikhumbuzo okwalandela. Nokho, umbuzo umsuka kokubili imisebenzi yokuloba lasendulo futhi kungukuthi ixazululwe ngokugcwele.