Izindaba UmphakathiUhlobo

Zamakhorali Coral. Elikhulu coral zamakhorali. Izwe kwamanzi izixhobo zama-coral

Oceans nezilwandle ifa kwesintu, njengoba bahlala hhayi kuphela iningi zonke ezaziwayo (futhi ongaziwa) nohlobo isayensi eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela ekujuleni belusizi amanzi olwandle ngezinye izikhathi ungase ubone isithombe esinjalo, ubuhle okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi uyakwazi nje nasekhulwini ngisho umuntu angabi nandaba kakhulu. Bheka ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali zamakhorali, futhi uzobona ukuthi imvelo izikhathi eziningi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ukudalwa yimuphi umculi abanamakhono.

Kuyini lokhu?

Izixhobo zamakhorali ngokuthi coral emakoloni yakha imfundo ngezinye izikhathi elikhulu ngempela, efana ngobukhulu ngamathayi.

Qaphela ukuthi le kwamakhorali, okungase yakha zamakhorali Scleractinia, okuqondene ekilasini Anthozoa, Cnidaria hlobo. abantu Single yakha ikoloni enkulu polyp nge amakoloni calcareous abantu abadala basekelwe ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula kwezilwane abasha. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, ama-polyp atholakala ngaso sonke ekujuleni, hhayi kuphela emanzini angajulile. Ngakho, enhle coral omnyama ophila ngesikhathi ukujula ezinjalo, okungadingi ukungena kungekho wokukhanya kwelanga.

Kodwa zingase zimiswe yangempela coral zamakhorali kuphela zilwane ezihlala yolwandle engajulile ezishisayo.

Yini zamakhorali kukhona?

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: fringing, isithiyo futhi iziqhingi. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, emngceleni zinhlobo ezitholakala emanzini angajulile eduze nogu. Zokwakheka umxhwele kakhulu kukhona isithiyo zamakhorali, okuyinto azifane zokuvikela. Basuke etholakala ogwini ezwekazini noma iziqhingi ezinkudlwana. Njengomthetho, babalulekile kakhulu. Okokuqala, kukhona izigidi isiphephelo zama-izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi okwesibili, idatha imfundo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni isimo sezulu esifundeni, ekuvimbeleni imisinga ulwandle.

I enkulu futhi elidume kunawo wonke -Great Barrier Reef, lapho ibanga 2,000 km, ukwakha onqenqemeni impumalanga yezwekazi lase-Australia. Abanye abanayo kangaka futhi ebalulekile "izihlobo" yakhe zitholakala nasogwini eBahamas, kanye esisentshonalanga Atlantic.

Ezingamaqoqo - ezincane esiqhingini okwesongo. Umda wabo evikelwe zamakhorali zamakhorali, ukwakha isithiyo yemvelo, okuyinto uvikela amagagasi eqinile futhi olwandle ugeza inhlabathi ebusweni umhlaba. Lapho wawuvela zamakhorali, yini lo mshini kumiswa zabo?

Livela izixhobo zama-coral

Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi polyp abadinga amanzi kuqhathaniswa engajulile, ekahle wabo khona base amancane flat, okungcono etholakala eduze nogu. Nokho, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izimo ngaphansi lapho kumiswa amakoloni polyp, okuyinto nhlobonhlobo.

ezingamaqoqo Ngakho abaningi kubo bonke izimpawu kufanele zibe khona phezulu intabamlilo ubudala, kodwa hhayi yonke indawo yathola iminonjana lava zokwakheka okusezingeni eliphezulu ngempela ezingase uqinisekise ngokugcwele lo mbono. I usosayensi odumile uCharles Darwin, ukuhamba ngaphandle esingaphansi umkhumbi adumile "Beagle", wahlanganyela hhayi kuphela kumiswa umbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa lesintu. Endleleni, wayengenza isimo sasekhaya sibe eziningi eziye zatholwa, enye yazo nephutha ngencazelo ukuthi kwakukhona izwe izixhobo zama-coral.

"Reef" inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela uCharles Darwin

Lokucabanga ukuthi kwavela intabamlilo ukwanda kancane kancane ngenxa lava ewele imvelo ngenxa nokuqhuma eziningi. Njengoba nje ebusweni ocean kuyoba-20 metres, kuyoba khona izimo elikhulu for komnikazi phezulu kwamakhorali seamount. Baqala ngokushesha yakha ikoloni, kancane kancane ukuma ngokuphelele impumuzo eyinhloko ezivukayo ngemva iqhuma.

Lapho zamakhorali abasha ifinyelela mass esibucayi, intaba-mlilo, elingenhla ingxenye lezo kakade okwase cishe ziwile, uqala kancane kancane kujule emuva olwandle. Njengoba dive kwamakhorali eqala ukukhula okukhulu ngaphezulu, futhi ngenxa ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali isiqala ukuba abe omkhulu ngaphezulu, kuyilapho amanye mayelana efanayo ezingeni ngokuhlobene kwamanzi.

ithiyori Dynamic kumiswa

Eduze zamakhorali iqala buthelela isihlabathi, eziningi zazo - kuyinto amathambo yamakhorali ngokwabo, ukuguguleka nepepper kuthi nezinye izinhlobo ezithile zilwanyana zasolwandle. Shoals kuba more, ekugcineni wakhipha zamakhorali iqala ngaphezu olwandle, elalilokhu likhula lakha isiqhingi. Imodeli ashukumisayo kusikisela ukuthi koloni polyp kokuphakama ngaphezu kwamanzi kwenzeka ngenxa ushintsho njalo emhlabeni ocean ezingeni.

izazi zokuma komhlaba Abaningi futhi zokuma kwendawo wesikhathi ngokushesha waba nesithakazelo lo mbono. Uma kuyiqiniso, khona-ke zonke izixhobo zamakhorali ezinkulu kufanele athwale okungenani ezinye izinsalela core mlilo.

Iqiniso ukuthi lo mbono wokuziphendukela mlilo umsuka zamakhorali?

Ukuze uqinisekise lokhu, ngo-1904, ku-Funafuti isiqhingi Pacific Ocean ukuhlolwa imishini lahlelwa. Maye, ekhona ngaleso ubuchwepheshe isikhathi aye wavumela ukuba sifinyelele amamitha angu 352 kuphela, ngemva kwalokho umsebenzi wamiswa phambi ososayensi babelindele core ukuze uthole wehluleka ukujula.

Ngo-1952, amaMelika ngenhloso efanayo ukuze uqale imishini eMarshall Islands. At amakhilomitha mayelana 1.5 ukujula, ososayensi bathole ungqimba basalt mlilo. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali kwamiswa iminyaka angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-60 edlule, lapho ikoloni polyp kuxazululwe phezu phezulu-mlilo yokuqothulwa. Darwin waphinda wazibonakalisa kwesokudla.

Yeka indlela zamakhorali ngezikhathi ekunqabeni kolwandle global

Kuyaziwa ukuthi lo amplitude of oscillation olwandle izinkathi ezahlukene ifinyelele engamakhulu amamitha. ezingeni Modern uhlaliseke nge iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha kuphela edlule. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni 15,000 edlule ezingeni ulwandle lwalungenhla okungenani 100-150 amamitha ngaphansana namuhla. Ngakho, bonke ezihlala ezixhotsheni zamakhorali ukuthi kwamiswa ngaleso sikhathi, manje kukhona 200-250 amamitha ngezansi onqenqemeni yesimanje. Ngemva kwalokho uphawu kumiswa amakoloni polyp akunakwenzeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo bangaphambili coral (isithombe ephepheni), lapho kwakhiwa ngaphezulu endulo, futhi izwe lamanje. Bona kwamiswa ngalezo zinsuku, lapho kolwandle kwaba njengoba eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ofeleba eqhweni izinti umhlaba wayengekho. Qaphela ukuthi phakathi ubudala ice polyp musa empeleni bakha amakoloni ucishe ezibalulekile, njengoba izinga lamanzi lalishintsha ngokushesha kakhulu.

Ikakhulukazi abalulekile kule ndaba, Egypt. ezixhotsheni zamakhorali oLwandle Olubomvu ngokuvamile atholakala ekujuleni ezinkulu, okuyinto eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, kwakunoFakazi evamile phansi yolwandle engajulile.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka izixhobo zamakhorali

Ukuze uqonde ngqo ukuthi iyikoloni polyp ahlelwe, isibonelo, cabanga ogwini Jamaica. Ngasiphi izithombe isiqhingi zakudala lokuqala ebonakalayo ekuphumeni zisuka emoyeni ziqonde kusuka ekujuleni namathe isihlabathi. imivimbo Black ngokufanele isiqhingi parallel - ke komkhondo umonakalo coral ezenzeka ezahlukene nezikhathi Geological ngenxa kolwandle iyehla iyenyuka.

Amatilosi le izoni kunqunywa amadlambi: ngisho ebusuku umsindo emadlambini, elithengiswa kahle ngaphambi ogwini, kubonisa khona zamakhorali. Ngemva endaweni evikelwe iqala ithafa ku okwenza zilahlekelwe imibala yazo zivulwa at tide ongaphakeme. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ukwanda ukujula ngokucijile emanzini echwebeni, amakoloni polyp kule ndawo akunjalo athuthukile, ngesikhathi tide ongaphakeme, azigcina ngaphansi kwamanzi. Uzungu iseduze ogwini, okuyinto njalo kuvula at tide ongaphakeme, ebizwa ngokuthi Littoral. Kukhona coral kancane.

I kwamakhorali ngobukhulu futhi ekhelini ezimila emaphethelweni elingaphandle, okuyinto ukubhekana ocean evulekile. Ubuningi olukhulu kunalo lonke ekuphileni zasolwandle siyenzeka endaweni Littoral. By endleleni, umuntu ngaso sonke zingatholakala ngokuvakashela zamakhorali zamakhorali? Izwe kwamanzi eGibhithe kanye nezinye ethandwa izivakashi izindawo ocebile ukuze amehlo ngeke washintsha! Yebo, e ukujula nezilwane zalezi zindawo kungaba angali.

Izwe kwamanzi izixhobo zama-coral

Ososayensi bathi kuphela eyodwa-Great Barrier Reef (okuyinto esixoxe kakade) uhlala engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi! Cabanga ukuthi bangaki khona ukuphila izimpethu, izipanji nezinye ezingenamgogodla?

Izakhamuzi okucebile inhlanzi emangalisayo-coral - zopholi. Igama abazitholile ngoba uhlobo oluthize "uqhwaku", okuyinto Ushintshe emhlathini ipuleti. Jaws zalezi "zopholi" ziqine kangangokuba bangakwazi lingadabuka kalula ugaye yonke amabhulokhi yamakhorali.

Njengoba ama-polyp akuzona eliphezulu kakhulu kilojoule, lezi zinhlanzi kufanele njalo udle. Kuwo lo nyaka, omunye labantu ongabhubhisa amathani amaningana zama-coral. Uyiphekwa izinsalela zabo ziphonswe imvelo ngesimo isihlabathi. Yebo, yebo, "zopholi" zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni emabhishi amahle ngokumangalisayo elihlanzekile elimhlophe coral isihlabathi.

Izakhamuzi liyabonakala futhi ezimibalabala zalezi zindawo futhi izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo of sea urchin zidla. Izitha zabo zemvelo - starfish - ngezinye izikhathi abe abenzi bokubi ngokwabo nokubhujiswa zamakhorali. Ngakho, inkanyezi umqhele wameva, efika ogwini wase-Australia kusuka kwenye nenkabazwe, uye sele atjhabalalise cishe 10% of the Barrier Reef! Ngenxa yalokhu, oceanographers futhi yokudoba izazi zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke baye wawubiza ngokuthi impi yangempela: basa zibanjwe futhi zibhujiswe.

Imicimbi yangaphambilini yenzela nomphumela othile, kodwa ngoba namuhla izwe lase-Australia kwamanzi kuqala ukuze alulame.

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