Inkathi Geology. isikhathi Neogene. isikhathi Triassic. Jurassic

Ngokusho imibono yesimanje lososayensi, umlando Geological kuyiplanethi yethu iminyaka 4,5-5 bhiliyoni. Esikhathini inqubo yentuthuko yayo kulula ukuchaza nezikhathi Geological Earth.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Umhlaba nezikhathi Geological (Ithebula ngezansi) imela uchungechunge yezinto ezenzeka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa planethi njengoba kusaqhuba kwalo we koqweqwe. Nge kwesikhathi phezu kukhona izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokudalwa nokubhujiswa landforms ukucwiliswa umhlaba ezindaweni ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye ekuzikhuliseni, uqweqwe lukashukela, kanye ukubukeka ukunyamalala nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane, nokunye. D. iplanethi uthela iminonjana ecacile imfundo yabo. Ososayensi bathi bayakwazi ukulungisa ngokunemba yeeMbalo ezingqimbeni ezihlukahlukene idwala.

Iqembu main imali

Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ezama kutsha emlandweni womhlaba, ukutadisha izingqimba yamadwala. idatha ezifakwa ezamukelwe is zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu amahlanu, siphakamise nangenkathi elandelayo Geological Zomhlaba: lasendulo (Archean), ekuqaleni (Proterozoic), yasendulo (Paleozoic), isilinganiso (Mesozoic) kanye entsha (Cenozoic). Kukholakala ukuthi nomngcele ophakathi kwabo oluphethwe izenzakalo ngobukhulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezenzeka kule mbulunga yethu. Ezintathu zokugcina nangenkathi yena, zihlukaniswe nezikhathi, njengoba kulezi inhlabathi kubonakala ngokucacile walondoloza izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane. Isigaba ngasinye libhekene ezazisanda nethonya juqu kwi sendawo samanje Zomhlaba.

Isigaba bokuqala

Inkathi Archean ka Umhlaba has a izinqubo wentaba-mlilo kunalokho zeziyaluyalu, okwaphumela surface iplanethi sika babe igneous egwadle rocks - ngesisekelo kumiswa amapuleti ezwekazini. Ngaleso sikhathi lapho yayikhona kuphela izilokazane ezincane ukuthi singaphila ngaphandle oksijini. Kusolwa ukuthi imali Archean isihlangu ikhava cishe lonke elase endaweni ehlukile amazwekazi, kuningi yensimbi, isiliva ne-platinum, igolide nezinye imikhando.

usaqala

Inkathi Proterozoic futhi ejwayelekile okusezingeni eliphezulu mlilo. Phakathi nale nkathi ezintabeni kwamiswa okuthiwa iBaikal ukusonga. Kuze kube namuhla benza cishe zazifile, manje amelela kuphela kuphakamisa ezinye abangelutho emathafeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Earth owakhiwe lenyama kanye ulwelwe oluluhlaza, le ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kuqala. Proterozoic idwala kwezakhi ocebile amaminerali: mica, imikhando non-ayoni nensimbi imikhando.

isigaba lasendulo

Isikhathi sokuqala kwenkathi Paleozoic kwaphawulwa kumiswa izintaba we Caledonian orogeny. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni okuphawulekayo ulwandle lemiganu yokufafaza, kanye ukuvela izindawo enkulu ezweni. Siye ngasinda lamagquma ngabanye kwesikhathi: esifundeni esise-Ural, e-Arabhiya, South-East China futhi eYurophu Ephakathi. Zonke lezi izintaba "ezigugile" futhi ongaphakeme. Engxenyeni Paleozoic izinqubo orogenic wesibili nawo abangawabheki. Lapha emikhulu kwakhiwa ukusonga Hercynian. Le nkathi kwaba namandla kakhulu, kwakukhona izintaba enkulu esise-Ural, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, Manchuria futhi Mongolia, I-Europe Central, kanye Australia naseNyakatho Melika. Namuhla amelwa aphansi kakhulu afanayo blocky. Izilwane inkathi Paleozoic - ezihuquzelayo ke sika nezilwane eziphila ezweni, ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle kuhlala inhlanzi. Phakathi nezwe isitshalo yayibuswa ulwelwe. Palaeozoic (inkathi Carboniferous) libhekene ezifakwa enkulu nowoyela, okuyinto wazithatha kule nkathi.

isigaba Ephakathi

Ukuqala Mesozoic elinesimo isikhathi sokubhujiswa isihlobo onokuthula kancane kancane izinhlelo izimayini athuthukile ngaphambili, izindawo diving flat (engxenyeni esentshonalanga eSiberia). Eyesibili isigamu kwalesi sikhathi, kuphawulwa kumiswa emikhulu Mesozoic ukusonga. Kwakukhona izwe sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu sezintaba, lelo ngisho nanamuhla abe nesimo esifanayo. Njengoba isibonelo, ezintabeni zakwa-Eastern eSiberia, Cordillera, Kwezinye izingxenye Indo-China ne-Tibet. Izwe ezinabantu embozwe uhlaza, okuyinto afe kancane kancane futhi ukubola. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama kuyinto ukwakheka asebenzayo of Peat bogs nasemaxhaphozini. Kwaba ngenkathi izibankwa giant - izibankwakazi. Izakhamuzi kwenkathi Mesozoic (ezidla uhlaza futhi carnivores) baye zasakazekela kulo lonke izwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kubonakala kanye ezincelisayo kuqala.

isigaba esisha

Cenozoic Era, owathatha esigabeni maphakathi, uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Ukuqala le nkathi kwaphawulwa ukwanda umsebenzi zamabutho yangaphakathi le planethi, esiye saholela kuphakanyiswe jikelele ezindaweni enkulu ezweni. Lokhu okuqinisekile libhekene ukubukeka entabeni zokhahlamba Alpine ukusonga ngaphakathi ibhande Alpine-zaseHimalaya. Phakathi nale nkathi, yandiswa zezinkulumo yesimanje zaleli zwekazi Eurasia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nephutha rejuvenation enkulu massifs we Urals, Tien Shan futhi Altai ezintabeni zakwa Appalachia lasendulo. Okukhulu basishintsha isimo emhlabeni, kwaqala inkathi yeminyaka ka glaciation eqinile. Movement of ice uquqaba nhlobonhlobo sendawo emazweni yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, bakha emathafeni inamagquma nge eziningi amachibi. Izilwane inkathi Cenozoic - ezincelisayo, ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni, abaningi kwesikhathi sokuqala wafinyelela namuhla, kuyilapho abanye saphela (mammoth, mammoth obhejane, amahlosi saber-toothed, emhumeni amabhere, njll) ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye.

Kuyini kwesikhathi Geological?

isigaba Geological njengoba iyunithi Geological isikhathi embulungeni kuyiplanethi yethu zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi. Ake sibone ukuthi yini kuthiwa ngalokhu eside kule encyclopedia. Inkathi (nokwakheka) - kuba isikhawu enkulu isikhathi Geological lapho kwakhiwa emadwaleni. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ihlukaniswe yaba ezincane, ezibizwa ngokuthi kwezinkathi.

Isigaba sokuqala (Archean futhi Proterozoic) ngenxa ukungabi okuphelele noma inombolo encane kubo ngamafutha ezilwane nemifino imvelo ihlukaniswe amasayithi ezengeziwe okulindile. Palaeozoic kuhlanganisa eCambria, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky futhi Perm nezikhathi. Lesi sigaba libhekene abaningi kakhulu ye-ngezikhawu, nabanye yayiba ezintathu kuphela. Inkathi Mesozoic kuhlanganisa Triassic, izigaba Jurassic kanye wokulinganisa. Inkathi Cainozoic lapho iningi wafunda nezikhathi, emelelwe Paleogene, Neogene futhi subintervals quaternary. Ake sicabangele ezinye zazo.

Triassic

isikhathi Triassic - lena sub-isikhawu kuqala inkathi Mesozoic. ubude bayo wayesemdala (zakuqala - eminyakeni million 251-199 edlule) engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-50. It libhekene ekubuyekezeni zasolwandle nezilwane ezihamba ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo siqhubeke khona abamele ezimbalwa Paleozoic, ezifana spiriferid, hlela, abanye elasmobranch nabanye. Phakathi ezingenamgogodla kukhona abakwa-Amoni eminingi, okuyinto wanika eziningi amafomu amasha, kubalulekile stratigraphy. Phakathi coral ayisithupha rayed yibona uhlobo Brachiopod - terebratulidy futhi rinhonelidy, echinoderms iqembu - sea urchin zidla. Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ngokuyinhloko emelelwa ezihuquzelayo - izibankwakazi Saurischia ezinkulu. thecodonts Yande - phansi elisheshayo ezihuquzelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziphilayo zokuqala ezinkulu zasemanzini avele esikhathini Triassic - ichthyosaurs futhi plesiosaurs, kodwa ukuphakama kwalo kokuba afinyelele kuphela esikhathini Jurassic. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, babonakala ezincelisayo kuqala, okuyinto banikezwe kumafomu encane.

Flora esikhathini Triassic (Geological) ilahlekelwa izakhi Paleozoic futhi ezidinga Ukwakheka ithatha Mesozoic. It ubuswa Fern nezitshalo ngokunganaki, sagovoobraznye, AmaConifers futhi ginkgo. Isimo sezulu zinezikhathi ukufudumala abalulekile. Lokhu kuholela Ukoma kwemithombo eminingi wezilwandle maphakathi nezwe, futhi okusele kakhulu anda amazinga usawoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni encishisiwe kakhulu imizimba amanzi maphakathi nezwe, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni ehlane namathafa. Ngokwesibonelo, kule nkathi zihlanganisa Tauride kumiswa enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.

Jurassic

isikhathi Jurassic lethiwa Jura ezintabeni entshonalanga yeYurophu. He is ingxenye phakathi Mesozoic kanye ezinabantu abaningi ibonisa izici eziyinhloko intuthuko organic kule nkathi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kungaba ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: esiphansi, esiphakathi kanye engenhla.

Nezilwane kwalesi sikhathi imelelwa ezingenamgogodla esakazwa - cephalopods (Amoni, emelelwa izinhlobo eziningi futhi izizukulwane). Bona ebaziwe nemvelo amagobolondo zihluke kakhulu ezincwadini abamele Triassic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini Jurassic liyachuma elinye iqembu molluscs - belemnite. Ngalesi sikhathi, isenzakalo esiphawulekayo ifinyelele kwamakhorali eziyisithupha-izixhobo isakhiwo, izipanji zasolwandle, iminduze kanye sea urchin zidla, kanye elasmobranch eziningi. Kodwa zinyamalale ngokuphelele Paleozoic zinhlobo brachiopod. Marine zinhlobo zezilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla kuyahluka kakhulu kusukela Triassic, ifinyelela ezihlukahlukene omkhulu. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Jurassic izinhlanzi okwandile zasemanzini ezihuquzelayo - ichthyosaurs futhi plesiosaurs. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ushintsho ezweni futhi uzivumelanise imvelo yasolwandle, izingwenya nezimfudu. A okunhlobonhlobo izinhlobo ezahlukene ukufinyelela yezilwane ezinomgogodla eliwumhlaba - ezihuquzelayo. Phakathi kwabo ukuba ukuqhakaza bazo bungafika izibankwakazi, okuyinto amelwa ezidla uhlaza, okuphathelene nezinye izinhlobo. Iningi labo-23 metres ubude, ezifana Diplodocus. Imali kwalesi sikhathi wathola uhlobo olusha ezihuquzelayo - the izibankwa flying, ezibizwa ngokuthi "pterodactyls". Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho futhi izinyoni kuqala. flora Jurassic ifinyelela ukukhula ekhephuzelayo: gymnosperms, ginkgo, cycads, AmaConifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye futhi, wona Yiqiniso, Izinhlobo, horsetails, futhi club.

Neogene

Neogene isikhathi - isikhathi Cenozoic inkathi yesibili. Saqala eminyakeni million 25 edlule futhi yaphela iminyaka 1.8 million edlule. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo nezilwane. Kukhona ezihlukahlukene gastropods futhi bivalves, amakhorali, foraminifera futhi coccolithophorids. Kabanzi athuthukile eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izimfudu nezinhlanzi bony. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Neogene, ezihlukahlukene ukufinyelela nezwe ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo yakha. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona ngokushesha okuqhubekayo hipparion izinhlobo: hipparions, amahhashi, obhejane, antelopes, amakamela, Hobotova, izinyamazane, izimvubu, izindlulamithi, namagundane, amahlosi saber-toothed, izimpisi nezinye nezinkawu okukhulu.

Ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene ngalesi sikhathi ngokushesha socwaningo jikelele organic: kukhona ihlathi-asemaqeleni, ehlathini, entabeni futhi asemaqeleni plain. Ezindaweni ezishisayo - le savannah futhi imvula. Isimo sezulu abasondelene yesimanje.

Geology njengoba isayensi

nezikhathi Geological Earth izifundo isayensi - komhlaba. Esanda kutholakala - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Nokho, naphezu intsha yayo, resin kwanikezwa ukukhanya ezindabeni eziningi impikiswano kwi ukwakheka iplanethi yethu, kanye layo nezidalwa imvelaphi eziphilayo. Kulesi imicabango kancane isayensi, kuphela imiphumela Ukufunda amaqiniso zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi. Akungabazeki ukuthi lilondolozwe izingqimba zomhlaba iminonjana iplanethi Kunoma yikuphi, uzonika isithombe esinembile kakhulu esikhathini esidlule, kunanoma iyiphi incwadi lalotshwa. Nokho, ukuze bakwazi ukufunda la maqiniso futhi baqonde yonke ngokunembile alinikwa kuwo wonke umuntu, ngakho ngisho lokhu isayensi ngqo, ngezikhathi ezithile kungase kube incazelo yokuphambuka ezinye izenzakalo. Lapho kukhona iminonjana umlilo, kungashiwo kushiwo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi lowo mlilo; futhi lapho kukhona iminonjana amanzi, siqiniseka Kungashiwo okufanayo wagomela ngokuthi amanzi, nokunye. amaphutha kunjalo kwenzeke. Hhayi ukuba okungenasisekelo, ake sicabangele isibonelo esisodwa enjalo.

"Frosting"

Ngo-1973 umagazini "Ulwazi - force" yashicilela isihloko yi sezinto eziphilayo esidumile AA Lyubimtseva "amaphethini Frosty phezu ingilazi." Umbhali icela ukuthi abafundi 'ukufana olugqamile amaphethini ice nge isitshalo izakhiwo. Njengoba ukuhlolwa, yena izithombe iphethini kwi ingilazi futhi wabonisa isithombe umngane wami le sezitshalo. Futhi lokho ngaphandle kokulibala neyaziwayo esithombeni imivubukulo yobufakazi lokungcolisa somkhaya. Ngokombono ukwakheka kwezinto lamaphethini zenzeka ngenxa crystallization umhwamuko igesi esigabeni. Nokho kwenzeka okufanayo lapho ithola graphite pyrolytic ngu pyrolysis methane buhlanjululwe hydrogen. Ngakho, kwatholakala ukuthi sihluke kuleli ecucuza elakhiwe amafomu dendritic ezithi azifane kakhulu ukutshala izinsalela. Isizathu siwukuthi kunemithetho jikelele elawula ukwakheka amafomu wezinto kwendaba kanye nemvelo.

Phakathi izazi zokuma komhlaba sangomhla isikhathi eside Geological ngamunye, esekelwe iminonjana nezitshalo nezilwane amafomu atholakala amalahle imali. Futhi eminyakeni embalwa nje edlule, kwakunoFakazi izimangalo esakazwa abanye ososayensi ukuthi le ndlela ayilungile nokuthi zonke izinsalela - akukho okunye, njengoba ovela eceleni kwetinhlavu izingqimba eMhlabeni. Akungabazeki ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukala zonke efanayo, kodwa kufanele kube indlela ngokucophelela ukuze izimpikiswano ukuphola.

Futhi kungakhathaliseki glaciation global?

Cabangela esinye isitatimende categorical lososayensi, hhayi kuphela zokuma komhlaba. Sonke, esikoleni, waphefumulela glaciation Umhlaba owawuhlanganisa iplanethi yethu, okubangela kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane uzoqothulwa: mammoth, mammoth obhejane nabanye abaningi. Futhi-ke isizukulwane esisha yesimanje wakhulela ku Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Ososayensi kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye bathi ukuthi nokwakheka - i isayensi ngqo, singavumeli zinkolelo-mbono kodwa isebenzisa kuphela kungase kutholakale amaqiniso. Nokho, akunjalo. Lapha, njengoba ezindaweni eziningi isayensi (yomlando, imivubukulo nabanye), omunye bangase bazibone rigidity zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo futhi ukuqina igunya. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye sibukela wezeSayensi olwenziwe eshubile mayelana yini noma cha Uqweqwe. Phakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, edumile usosayensi-sokuma IG Pidoplichko yanyatheliswa omningi ezine emsebenzini "Ngo engu ice." Kuleli phephandaba, umlobi kancane kancane nihlola ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu nguqulo ye glaciation global. Akathembeli phezu imisebenzi ezinye izazi, futhi yena ngokwakhe olwenziwa imivubukulo Geological (ezinye zazo azenza wachitha ngiyisosha we iRed Army, ezibamba iqhaza kuhlelo izimpi ngokumelene abahlaseli German) kulo lonke elakwa-Soviet Union eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Uthi yeqhwa ayikwazanga ukumboza wonke amazwekazi, futhi egqoka kuphela uhlamvu zendawo ngokuthi wayengazange okubangelwa nokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi isilwane, futhi izici okuhluke kakhulu - futhi izenzakalo inhlekelele ezaholela ukufuduka zezingongolo ( 'umlando ethusayo Zomhlaba "A . Skliarov); kunemnotfo lomuntu.

Zemfihlakalo, noma kungani ososayensi awuboni the sobala

Naphezu kobufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda ethulwa Pidoplichko ososayense ekujaheni ukulahla version yokutholwa we glaciation. Bese zikhanga ngisho nakakhulu. imisebenzi kombhali yashicilelwa 50s zakuqala, kodwa ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, zonke izimo Emiqulwini emine ahoxiswa kwimitapo namanyuvesi yezwe, walondoloza kuphela vaults umtapo, bese uzithola aphume khona kakhulu akulula. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, bonke ukuthatha leli bhuku umtapo athathwa ngenxa amasevisi ekhethekile. Futhi ngisho namuhla zikhona ezinye izinkinga ekwamukeleni salolu shicilelo. Nokho, ngiyabonga kwi-Inthanethi, wonke umuntu angakwazi simazi ngemisebenzi umbhali, okuyinto uhlola ngokuningiliziwe umlando okwakheka kweplanethi i-iplanethi, lichaza imvelaphi amathrekhi ezithile.

Geology - i isayensi ngqo?

Kukholakala ukuthi nokwakheka - isayensi luyingxenye zokuhlola, okuyinto waphetha kuphela kulokho akubonayo. Uma kunjalo okungabazekayo, alisho lutho, kwacatshangwa, angase baxoxe futhi postpones isinqumo sokugcina kuze kufike leso sikhathi kuze ozitholile observation ngalokuvakalako. Nokho, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, sciences, futhi, benza amaphutha (isib, i-physics noma le-IiMbalo). Noma kunjalo, amaphutha akuzona inhlekelele uma bazinika isikhathi futhi zilungile. bavame global emvelweni, futhi zinenani zendawo, wena kuphela kudingeka sibe nesibindi ukuze wamukele sobala, iziphetho kwesokudla badlulele ukuhlangabezana okutholakale muva. ososayensi Modern baye babonisa ukuziphatha ngokuphelele okuphambene, ngoba iningi ukukhanya isayensi ngesikhathi sakhe wathola iziqu, imiklomelo kanye nokuqashelwa ngomsebenzi wabo, futhi manje bengafuni ukuba ahlukane nabo. Futhi ukuziphatha okunjalo sibonakala hhayi kuphela e yokwakheka komhlaba, kodwa nakwezinye zokukhulekela. abayisizwe esinamandla kuphela asesabi ukuvuma amaphutha abo, bajabulela ithuba athuthukise, ngoba ukuthola amaphutha - akuyona inhlekelele, kodwa kunalokho emathubeni amasha.