Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke zero lokushisa - yamangqamuzana ukunyakaza ekunqanyulweni iphuzu

Igama elithi "izinga lokushisa 'ubonakele ngesikhathi lapho izazi zesayensi wacabanga ukuthi izidumbu efudumele yakhiwa lomcebo olucacile - caloric - ngomzimba ofanayo, kodwa abandayo. Futhi izinga lokushisa aphathwa njengesiboshwa value elihambisana inani caloric emzimbeni. Njengoba izinga lokushisa kwanoma iyiphi emizimbeni kukalwa ngokwamazinga. Kodwa eqinisweni kuba elithile energy kinetic ukuthuthela ama-molecule, ngesisekelo salokhu, kufanele ukalwe Joules, ngokuvumelana SI amayunithi.

Igama elithi "ngokuphelele zero lokushisa" livela umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka. Ngokusho kwalo ushintsho ukushisa kusukela umkhuhlane nomzimba ashisayo engenakwenzeka. Lo mqondo laqanjwa le-physics British uWilliam Thomson. Kuyena izimpumelelo physics, i-Queen of England wanikwa knighthood "Lord" nelithi isihloko "Baron Kelvin." Ngo-1848 g. Thomson (uLord Kelvin) ezihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa isikali lokushisa, lapho yekucala wathola ngokuphelele zero lokushisa elihambisana amakhaza umkhawulo nesikali division wathatha degrees Celsius. Iyunithi Kelvin lokushisa 1/27316 ingxenyenamba iphuzu kathathu yamanzi (mayelana 0 deg. C), isb lokushisa lapho ngamanzi acwebileyo lilondolozwe kanye izinhlobo ezintathu: ice, namanzi futhi umusi. Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke zero lokushisa - Ingubuncane kungenzeka lokushisa aphansi lapho ezinyakazayo yamangqamuzana kuyekwa kanye Ingqikithi eside ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kukhishwe energy ezishisayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinga lokushisa ngokuphelele yaqanjwa igama lakhe.

Amazinga kukalwa esikalini ezahlukene

Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu lokushisa isikali ubizwa ngokuthi "esikalini Celsius." It is eyakhelwe amaphuzu amabili izinga lokushisa isigaba ukwedlulela amanzi uketshezi umusi kanye namanzi aba yiqhwa. A. Celsius e 1742, wahlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe ibanga phakathi inkomba amaphuzu ihlukaniswe ngezikhawu 100, futhi ukubila iphuzu amanzi athathwe njengoba kuqanda, futhi okokuqandisa iphuzu degrees 100. Kodwa Swede Onomusa ezihlongozwayo ukwenza okuphambene. Njengoba amanzi eba yiqhwa ngesikhathi Zero degrees Celsius AA. Nakuba Celsius ngqo kufanele ubilise. Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke zero Celsius oluhambisana lokususa 273,16 degrees Celsius.

Kukhona izikali eziningana lokushisa: Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. Sinenkosi ahlukene inkomba amaphuzu futhi intengo division. Ngokwesibonelo sikala ozimele Reaumur nayo yakhelwe phezu abilayo futhi okokuqandisa iphuzu yamanzi, kodwa ukwehlukana 80. isikali Fahrenheit ezavela 1724, nokusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuphela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, kuhlanganise USA ..; inkomba amaphuzu: eyodwa - ingxube ka lokushisa lamanzi ice - ammonia kanye nezinye - umzimba womuntu. Lesilinganiso sikhonjiswe ihlukaniswe eziyikhulu iziqu. Zero oluhambisana 32 Celsius degrees fahrenheit. Ukuhumusha degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga kungenziwa ngokuvumelana ifomula: F = 1.8 C + 32 Ukuhlanekezela Translation: C = (F - 32) / 1.8, lapho: F - degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga, C - degrees Centigrade. Uma lazy kakhulu ukubala, ukuya intanethi ukuhumusha Celsius ukuze Fahrenheit. Ngo luhlaka, thayipha inombolo degrees Celsius, cindezela inkinobho "Bala", khetha "Fahrenheit" bese ucindezela "Qala". Umphumela kuzovela ngokushesha.

isikali Rankine ubizwa ngokuthi yokudumisa isiNgisi (noma kunalokho Scottish) physics William J .. Rankin, owaphila sikhathi sinye ka Calvin omunye wabasunguli be-Technical Thermodynamics. Ngo amaphuzu ayo isikali ezintathu ezibalulekile: ekuqaleni - ngokuphelele zero okokuqandisa iphuzu yamanzi 491,67 degrees Rankine futhi amanzi abilayo 671,67 degrees. Isibalo uqhekeko phakathi emanzini umnkantsha nokubilisa yayo futhi Rankin, futhi 180 Fahrenheit.

Eziningi zalezi izikali kukhona kuphela physics. Futhi 40% wabaphenduli kulezi zinsuku abafundi American iziqu emakilasini abaye bathi angazi ukuthi ngokuphelele zero lokushisa.