Zethempeli lasendulo. Elements bokwakha lasendulo

izakhiwo WaseGrisi wasendulo ungomunye iziqongo ifa bokubeka esidlule. Yena wabeka isisekelo izakhiwo European, ubuciko isakhiwo. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi izakhiwo yaseGrisi yasendulo egqoka kokuhileleka enkolweni, futhi sidalwe zenziwe umhlatshelo konkulunkulu, labanika izipho futhi ubambe izenzo mass kule ndaba.

Indaba isakhiwo izazimlando zobuciko impucuko yasendulo izingxenye izinkathi ezinhlanu: zakudala, Early Classic, Classic, yamaGreki futhi ukubuswa ngamaRoma. Okulandelayo sizoxoxa ngamunye wabo, kanye Ithempeli elalidume eyakhelwe amaGreki asendulo, kabanzi.

isikhathi zakudala

Ubude besikhathi kwesikhathi zakudala: kusuka 7. BC. e. kuze kufike isikhathi sokupheleliswa kwezinto mthetho Athene Solon nezepolitiki (mayelana 590 BC. e.). Ngo 7-6 eminyaka. BC. e. Greece izakhiwo kubonakala ngezici ezithuthukile kakhulu umphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho we Polis ngesiGreki iye yashesha ukukhula amabutho yeningi, futhi lokhu kuye kwaholela umzabalazo esasishubile abantu ngokumelene elite aristocrats. Phakathi nale nkathi, ithempeli, elakhiwa emhlabeni inqubomgomo, baba isakhiwo enkulu yomphakathi - egumbini igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini nengcebo kanye Folk imikhosi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngenxa yokuphishekela izinto ezinjalo eziphikelelayo kwakheka izakhi eziyinhloko bokwakha lasendulo - oda (uhlelo esiqinile ibonisa ukuthi indawo futhi ubuhlobo lamakholomu) kanye entablature (ukugqagqana).

Izici lamathempeli kwesikhathi zakudala

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zakudala we bakudala inkathi izakhiwo Homer rose uhlobo lokuqala ukwakhiwa itshe, okubizwa ngokuthi "ethempelini antah". Ohlangothini front it has a kuvulandi, izindonga side ezakhiwe projection (Antes) kanye ezimbili ezibhekene amakholomu phakathi. Ukuze labo uyalandisa ngokuqondile Athens yomcebo Delphi (ngenhla) zakhiwe Paris zemabula. usuku elilinganiselwe ukwakhiwa - iminyaka 510-480. BC. e. Isakhiwo igodi futhi kabusha eminyakeni 1903-1906.

Okulandelayo kwakukhona amakholomu esikhundleni izintuthwane, futhi kwakukhona entsha lasendulo ithempeli - prostyle. Yayinendodakazi kuvulandi evulekile. Ukungezwa okuqhubekayo amakholomu amane ngaphezulu ngakolunye uhlangothi, eduze kwendawo yokungena yengcebo (amphiprostyle), kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni okuthiwa peripetra - evulekile ngokuphelele nxazonke zethempeli. Nakuba lezi zinhlobo ziye zashintsha ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo somabhizinisi nokho ikhonye.

Wawunodonga egumbini main kuzo zonke esakhiweni - engcwele yethempeli (altare) lasendulo okwakukhona esiveza ohlonishwayo unkulunkulu noma unkulunkulukazi. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "nave".

Early kwesikhathi Classic

Ekuqaleni kwenkathi classical, okwaqala ngo-590 kuze 470 iminyaka. BC. e., ubungcweti Antique kancane kancane ukhulula ukuziqhelelanisa Amathrendi angaphandle, efakwe ohlwini eGibhithe nase-Asia. Thanda umdwebo bese ebaziwe, sesiye omunye ukubonakaliswa kunazo yesiteleka lwesintu namasiko yeningi yaseGrisi classical.

Olinganise emathempelini enziwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukuze esiqinile kanye proportionality ukwenaba futhi inani amakholomu, kanye nezinye izingxenye isakhiwo. Konke lokhu kunikeza nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu ekuqaleni kwenkathi zasendulo izikhwepha nobuhle. Kwakheka uhlobo olusha isonto - Doric, okuyinto lithole okwakuthe chithi saka esikhathini esizayo.

amathempeli oMdala Greece ekuqaleni kwenkathi classical: Hera e Olympia, Apollo at Delphi, uZeyusi e Athens, uPallas Athena ku obakhathalelayo. Aegina (ngenhla). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-yeSisili Italy, izikhumbuzo Engane izikhathi ezingaphezu ke kwadingeka amakoloni yayo abacebe ngesiGreki. Ikakhulu, i-Temple of Poseidon at Paestum. Ungakhohlwa mayelana esinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe - lo Ithempeli Lika-Arthemisi e-Efesu ngokwabantu, okuyinto yayishiswa Gyrostat.

Nethempeli Poseidon at Paestum

Lokhu izakhiwo is lesikhumbuzo ababephila ngesikhathi ngesiGreki obizwa nangokuthi ethempelini Hera II ezaziwayo. Mhlawumbe, kungase kubhekwe njengokweba ukwakhiwa ezinamandla kakhulu futhi enamandla Doric ezihlobene 5 BC. e. Ngokubukeka kwakhe zaziqinile futhi elula, wachaza umbono emzabalazweni nobuqhawe abantu ekubusweni namaPheresiya ahlaselayo. Eye yasinda engxenyeni engenhla amakholomu, ngaphakathi nangaphandle emphemeni ezimbili-tiered, ngivuka ku isisekelo esiqinile. Njengoba amathempeli ngaphezulu lasendulo kwendawo (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo-Poseidon) yakhelwe kanzima kakhulu crystalline namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Ngenhla liye ziphathwe ungqimba ezondile usimende. Bokwakha, kukhona isimiso uJehova njalo. Impahla unamahlangothi umxhwele: m 60 ubude futhi m 24 ububanzi.

Nethempeli Hera II itholakala e-Italy (40 km eningizimu-mpumalanga kusukela Salerno). Manje ivuliwe izivakashi. nomnyango walo kuwufanele 4 noma 6 euro (kuhlanganisa evakashele Archaeological Museum e Paestum).

Ithempeli Lika-Arthemisi e-Efesu

Ithempeli laphinde waqaphela njengesinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa ezazikhona kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. It is elisoGwini Insimu Idolobha lanamuhla Selcuk (Turkey). Ukwakhiwa umlando kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebuhlungu.

kule ndawo, isakhiwo sokuqala futhi ohahela isikhundla kakhulu lamiswao phakathi ekhulwini lesi-6. BC. e., futhi ngo-356 kwavutha Herostrat. Ngokushesha, zethempeli lasendulo kabusha ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngekhulu lesithathu, futhi kwadala umonakalo, kulokhu Goths. Ekhulwini lesi-4. engcwele lokuqala ivaliwe bese kudilizwe ngokuqondene mkhakha lenkolo entsha - ubuKristu kanye nokuvimbela imikhuba yobuqaba futhi wezenkolo. Nokho, eyakhelwe kusayithi esonto lakhe, futhi wema esingeside.

Ngokusho izinganekwane, u-Arthemisi zibalwe udade iwele lika-Apholo. Yena ayenakekela zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni (izilwane, izitshalo), wabanakekela futhi bavikele. Ningazishiyi zodwa zichayeke ukunakwa kwakho, yena kanye nabantu, enikeza injabulo emshadweni nesibusiso ukuzalwa inzalo. Ihlelo lika-unkulunkulukazi e-Efesu belilokhu likhona kusukela kudala. Ukuze kuhlonishwe izakhamuzi zawo abakha ithempeli elikhulu (ubude 105 m, ububanzi 52 m, ukuphakama amakholomu 127 ukufakwa imigqa eyisishiyagalombili, ilingana 18 m). Uye banikela ngezimali enkosini Lydian. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa isikhathi eside, futhi phakathi nalesi sikhathi washintsha abaklami amaningana. Ithempeli yakhiwe elihlanzekile ngemabula, futhi esifanekisweni lonkulunkulukazi ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu nangegolide. Wayengumuntu isikhungo ibhizinisi kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali emzini, emikhosini yenkolo efanayo. Leli thempeli lasendulo akusiyona eyakho neziphathimandla zedolobha futhi kwaba ngokugcwele ngaphansi kokulawulwa ekolishi wabapristi. Okwamanje, ikholomu kabusha eyodwa kuphela kungabonwa esakhiweni sethempeli. Ngo Miniaturk Park (Turkey), ungakwazi ukubheka umfuziselo wethempeli (ngenhla).

Classical isikhathi izakhiwo

Classical nkathi, eyadonsa kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 470 388. BC. e. - lena sokuthuthwa kwempahla isimo, inkathi intsandvo yelinyenti kanye lift eliphakeme. E-Athene sezingcweti engcono bathuthelekela wonke Greece. Izindlela ukuthuthukiswa izakhiwo kuthiwa kuhlobene ne igama umqophi amakhulu kunawo wonke ezweni lasendulo - Phidias. A esivelele sezombusazwe kanye Pericles ayembule emikhulu nokuthuthukiswa uhlelo wokuvelela ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Kwaba ngaphansi kokuqondisa Phidias engxenyeni yesi-5 Ekhulwini BC yesibili. e. Kwakungesinye ambitious lwemisebenzi yokwakha emikhulu kakhulu okuyiwona ekupheleni kwakukhona Ensemble ephelele yezakhiwo, eholwa - the Parthenon. Acropolis yase-Athene ukuthi ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso ukubaza komfundi kubafundi bakhe.

Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo kwesikhathi classical aqhubeka linqobe Doric isitayela amathempeli. Nokho, kuba lula ukwakha futhi nesibindi sokushumayela indiza oluyinhlanganisela. Kancane kancane busuka nokusebenzisa ionic futhi aseKorinte isitayela. EGrisi ngokwayo, amathempeli kukhona ezihloniphekayo, nenhle futhi ukukhanya. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ukuze olinganise futhi izinto. Architects zisebenzisa ngemabula, kulula ukucubungula esihle. Omunye ezikhumbuzo eziphawuleka kakhulu ngalezo zikhathi kuyinto Nethempeli Theseus, etholakala e-Athens. Lokhu iyisibonelo esivelele sendlela isitayela Doric ukuthi washintsha ngo Attica.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo eSicily uyaqhubeka linqobe isitayela Doric, okumangalisayo izakhiwo cwe.

Parthenon

Acropolis of Rocky Hill limelela 156 m ukuphakama nge top flat, abanesimo ubude mayelana 300 m kanye ububanzi 170 m Lapha liphuma main lesikhumbuzo Antique izakhiwo -. Ezinhle Parthenon. Ithempeli lunikezelwe umvikeli we lonke Attica futhi Athens ngokukhethekile yintombi unkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Yakhiwa eminyakeni 447-438. Callicrates wezakhiwo yephrojekthi, owenziwa lasendulo wezakhiwo ngesiGreki Iktinos futhi ngokucebile ukuhlotshiswa ngaphansi kokuqondisa umqophi Phidias. Manje ethempelini sekonakele, kuyinto ngenkuthalo ngaphansi umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo.

Parthenon - kuyinto zethempeli lasendulo, okuyinto peripetr Doric oluxube isitayela ionic. It ikhona izinyathelo ezintathu ngemabula esikwazi ukukhulisa ukuphakama mayelana 1.5 m nxazonke zethempeli lizungezwe emphemeni :. 8 amakholomu olungaphambili lwesonto wokwakha 17 ohlangothini ngalunye.

Indaba kusuka okuyinto esakhiwe engcwele - zemabula pentiliysky. Umsebenzi Wamatshe wawusomile, isb. E. Okwenziwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nosimende noma usimende kunenze nisondelane.

Kwethempeli likaZeus

Nethempeli Olympian uZeyusi wayengomunye walaba ohlonishwayo kakhulu eGreece yasendulo. Lesi sakhiwo, okuyinto isibonelo oda Doric kweqiniso, futhi, kungokwalabo kwesikhathi classical. Ithempeli wabeka ngesikhathi 52 Imidlalo yama-Olympic, kodwa ukwakha kwathatha ephakathi kwengu-472-456 kuphela. BC. e. Zonke Phidias efanayo.

Uyena periptera zakudala nge 13 izinsika endleleni isakhiwo kanye 6 - I-ububanzi. Ithempeli elakhiwe nge-limestone coquina zilethwe Poros. isakhiwo bawo bafinyelela 22 m, ububanzi - 27 m, futhi ubude -. 64 m Ulwazi mayelana nokubukeka kwase kutholakala ngokusebenzisa 1875 yokwemba kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezinsimbi umvubukuli German E. Curtius. Ngaphakathi zasethempelini zazigcinwa namanje esinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo - it is adalwe Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya esifanekisweni kaZeyusi, obude kudlulwe 10 m.

Ngaphandle kwethempeli likaZeus, kanye nabanye abaningi, e-Olympia labhujiswa ngomyalo wabaholi uMbusi uTheodosius II, njengoba ubufakazi benkolo yobuqaba kanye namasiko. Izinsalela ezazisaphila ekugcineni wangcwatshwa imfucumfucu ukuzamazama komhlaba 522 kanye 551 BC. e. izingcezwana igodi wethempeli zigcinwa ikakhulukazi Archaeological Museum yase-Olympia, abanye - ku Paris Louvre.

Ithempeli kankulunkulu umlilo Hephaestus

zethempeli lasendulo kwesikhathi classical, anikezelwe Hephaestus, walondoloza uma siqhathanisa nabanye kahle. Yakhiwa cishe esikhathini esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-449 futhi 415. BC. e. Sanctuary limelela ukwakhiwa Doric. Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana umakhi zazifile, cishe, kwaba umakhi elanikezelwa wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa ethempelini Ares e-Agora eCape Sounion, futhi Nemesis e Ramnunte.

Isakhiwo sasingawohloki ngesikhathi kumiswa ubuKristu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithempeli yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo iSonto Lobu-Orthodox-ke. St George kusukela ngekhulu le-17 kuya 1834. Ngemva kwalokho, yena yanikezelwa isimo amagugu esizwe.

isikhathi yamaGreki

Esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 338 kuya ku-180. BC. e. kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi isiqala ukulahlekelwa ebumsulweni nasebunyeni nobuntu ukunambitheka. Nanguya ngaphansi kwethonya Ukwanelisa inkanuko nobukhazikhazi, yayize iyofika eGreece ezivela eMpumalanga. Okugweda, abadwebi kanye abakhi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezifo isakhiwo ngempumelelo, ubuhle balo. Banomuzwa wokuthi yonke indawo predilection kwesitayela laseKorinte. Esakhiwe umlingisi sokuya empini ye isakhiwo - izindlu, izigodlo, njll ...

amathempeli Akwaziwa Greece Hellenic isikhathi enikelwe Winged Athena (e Tegea) uZeyusi (e Nemea). Kukhona izakhiwo eziningi grand zikanokusho kule nkathi e-Asia Minor. Ikakhulukazi, ithempeli elikhulu eMilethu F. Didimskogo (ngenhla).

UMbuso WaseRoma kwesikhathi

Ukwakha Empire Omkhulu abuqede zabuna kanye nentando yeningi ngesiGreki. Phakathi art ngesiGreki yamaGreki lidlule isigaba salo sokugcina ukuthuthukiswa. Coming ngaphansi kwegunya neRoma, iGrisi elahlekile ubukhulu yayo yangaphambili, futhi umsebenzi wezakhiwo yasala dengwane cishe ngokuphelele. Nokho, abaculi bahlangana emzini okuphakade, baletha isiko art yakhe futhi wanikela enjabulweni muhle izakhiwo waseRoma. Ngalesi sikhathi (iminyaka 180-90. BC. E.) art ngesiGreki cishe okuhlanganisiwe neSonto LamaRoma.