Zonke izinhlobo dinosaur ngezithombe zeziqu, izincazelo

Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ezihlala kule planethi yethu mayelana Iminyaka kwezigidi ezingu-500., 200 mln. Of nabo ingcindezelo ezihuquzelayo lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi izibankwakazi. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-ezihuquzelayo lasendulo kukhona umqhele ukudalwa umama imvelo, futhi uyihlumela zabo - izibankwakazi - ngisho emelelwa esivelele ukuthuthukiswa zonke ezihuquzelayo ukuthi wake owakhiwe kule planethi. Zonke izinhlobo izibankwakazi, kanye nendlela yabo yokuphila, ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene kuphumelele nomunye, futhi nemvelo liye laba nomthelela ezimpilweni zabo bonke izinguquko ezintsha.

Bobani kwezazi?

Ngaphambi futhi ngiyazi, yiziphi izinhlobo izibankwakazi ukuthi wahlala eplanethini yethu ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, udinga ukwazi ukuthi iqala. Lolu cwaningo zokuphila ayedabuka kwezinkathi elikude, isayensi iphatha-paleontology. Igama layo lisuselwa emagameni amathathu ngesiGreki: "Palaios" - lasendulo, "Ontos" - nokuba "logo" - izwi. Abantu abathintekayo kule isayensi, ngokuthi kwezazi. Umsebenzi wabo kancane like umsebenzi umphenyi: izingcezu ehlakazekele izinsalela zamathambo kwezazi udinga ukubuyisela wonke isithombe esikhathini esidlule. A indima enkulu kuleli udlalwa ngu umuzwa wabo, kuhlangene logic nemicabango.

Ngisho amaqiniso awuwona yini ongelutho kunayo kudingeka Ukutadisha ngokucophelela. Kwezazi ngiziqoqele bit by bit. Lona umsebenzi sasivumela olunzulu nokuklama kanzima, ngoba eziningi Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule asuke esehambe unomphela, ngisho kusale trace olulodwa emadwaleni. Kuyinto ngenxa yemizamo kulaba bantu, singafunda ngalokho uvunyelwe ayeke ahlala iplanethi enguMhlaba, onjani dinosaur lapho, lokho kubukeka sengathi, lapho ayehlala khona kanjani, abebezingela sendlela ukulondoloza kulawo noma ezinye izingozi. Kwezazi baye bakwazi lokuphinda kancane isithombe kancane izwe kwenkathi olukhulu izibankwakazi.

Indlela yokwakha ngenkathi izibankwakazi?

Yiqiniso, zonke izinhlobo izibankwakazi nezinhlobo ekhelini kuzo ngesikhathi yobudala elikhulu ezihuquzelayo, ayikwazanga sebebaningi ngakho futhi kusakazeke, uma iplanethi yethu athuthukile futhi ayakhekanga kahle. Dinosaur inkathi zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi eziningana. Ukuhlola kafushane ngamunye wabo.

• Archaea. Lesi yisihloko sokuqala, isikhathi bokuqala. Lona iphuzu reference okuyindawo kuvela inkathi ezihuquzelayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izwe waqala ukufaka okuya kuphakama ukuphila, kwafika kwemvelo eziphilayo owumphumela.
• Proterozoic. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha iplanethi yaqala ukubonakala izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi nezitshalo.
• ECambria. I eCambria eziphilayo emhlabeni basungula ngenkuthalo, kwakukhona ulwelwe ezingenamgogodla yasemanzini.
• Ordovician. Kuyinto sikhathi kugcwele ukubukeka ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo yokuqala izidalwa emhlabeni.
• Silurian. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Silurian, ezingenamgogodla nezinye izinhlobo ukuhambisa kusukela amanzi nomhlaba.
• Devon. Lesi sikhathi libhekene ukubukeka gymnosperms, kanye nezilwane ezifana eziphila emanzini nasezweni, arachnids (izicabucabu, izibungu), izinambuzane.
• Karbon. Kuyinto lapha kuvela kwenkathi ezihuquzelayo lasendulo. Awezinyoka, uvele kule nkathi, ihlukaniswe amagatsha amathathu; anapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emhlabeni baqala ukuvela le AmaConifers kuqala futhi izinambuzane ezindizayo.
• Perm. isikhathi Permian kuphawulwa ukubukeka beetle lokuqala, izimbungulu, izidalwa Hymenoptera, le izibankwa lokuqala amancane archosaurs ekuseni.
• Trias. Kwezazi bathole ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi iplanethi yethu iqala ukusabalalisa fly wokuqala, ngenkathi wokugcina amphibian lasendulo - stegocephalia - saphela. Thina bayafa futhi abameleli anapsid ekilasini. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Triassic babe izingwenya lokuqala, izimfudu, ezihuquzelayo flying, ezincelisayo, yebo, izibankwakazi.
• Jura. Jurassic isikhathi - uhlobo umvuthwandaba engu-izibankwakazi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi eMhlabeni kwakukhona angiosperms, waqala izimvemvane flying, ozalwa ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni yesimanje (frog efanayo green), noma ngelenyoni ubudala (lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx), futhi yebo, uhlobo olusha izibankwakazi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Jurassic saphela abameleli lokugcina Synapsid ekilasini.
• Mel. Angiosperms ekugcineni wanqoba amazwe. Kwakukhona yesimanje zinhlobo izintuthwane omiyane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi Cretaceous - lena ukuphela kwenkathi omkhulu ezihuquzelayo: ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona yokuqothulwa ephelele izibankwakazi, ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle, lesi pterosaurs. It kwesikhathi Cretaceous kuphawulwa ukubukeka ezinye izilwane yesimanje, iplanethi yethu aqala ukulinqoba izilwane omusha ezihlakaniphile futhi enhle - ezincelisayo esinomhlapho, ama-marsupial nezinyoni.

anapsid subclass

Ngaphambi iplanethi enguMhlaba baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni tinhlobo letehlukene izibankwakazi, ke iminyaka emingaki, okuhloswe ngaso ukwakheka okubizwa ngokuthi isihlahla zozalo izibankwa ezimbi. Endala kakhulu futhi iqembu bakudala kakhulu kubhekwa a anapsid subclass. Vele wazi ukuthi akuyona omele eyodwa kuleli qembu ingahlali ngandlela-thile kuze kube namuhla. anapsid kwakamuva saphela abangaba yizigidi ezingu-200. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kwasekusithi Triassic.

subclass Synapsid

Kusukela anapsid impande ahlukaniswe igatsha lesibili ngekusasa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo izibankwakazi - Synapsid. Ukuze lesi sigaba kwakungekaNkulunkulu amadlozi ezincelisayo lasendulo. Kodwa babelokhu ezimiselwe zingagcwaliseki. Ngakho, ngeshwa, ngaphandle kokubona ukuchuma inzalo yabo - ezincelisayo yesimanje, okuyinto thina - abantu. Kwasekusithi esikhathini Jurassic.

subclass Diapsid

Ngemva kwesikhathi eside Synapsid kusukela phansi ekugcineni kwesiqu sawo legatsha elisha bathinteka lasendulo - Diapsid. amanga layo yingqayizivele yokuthi kuba subclass ka Diapsid ihlukaniswe amagatsha amabili - e archosaurs futhi lepidosauria. Lepidosauria - iqembu izilwane ezihlala Umhlaba futhi ezinsukwini zethu: tuatara (izibankwa lasendulo), izinyoka, izimfudu. Kodwa akubona bonke bakwazi lepidosauria ukuphila ngokuvumelana izikhathi zethu, phakathi kwabo kukhona owaziwa amafomu yokuqothulwa ezifana plesiosaurs - izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zasolwandle nge izintamo eside. Ngokwe-legend, Scottish Loch Ness namanje uhlala yedwa kwi plesiosaur okuthiwa Nessie, kodwa lokho omunye indaba.

archosaurs zegatsha babeyizithunywa izingwenya nezinye ezihuquzelayo basendulo, kuhlanganise zonke izinhlobo flying izibankwakazi, izibankwa phansi. Archosaurs - yilokho izibankwakazi esibaluleke kunazo zonke ngezikhathi, ezinye izidalwa ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi emangalisayo ezihuquzelayo, le ezihuquzelayo eziphambili esikhathini esiningi. Ngenhlanhla, konke izibankwakazi safa, futhi akazange aphile isikhathi eside kuze kube namuhla, Nokho, okwamanje kule mbulunga enguMhlaba siphile Kunezinhlobo eziningi ingwenya lasendulo, walondoloza kusukela ezikhathini eziningi! Zaziyini lezi izibankwakazi edume? Sikunikeza zilwane yesiteleka kakhulu izibankwakazi kanye nencazelo yabo.

Diplodocus obunokuthula

Lena ukumela iqembu okuthiwa izibankwakazi. Kulinganiselwa of kwezazi, lezi izibankwakazi akwazi ukuxoxa ubude-58 amamitha nesisindo esingamathani angu-113. Nokho, Bayanda ososayensi zanamuhla oyikholelwayo ukuthi Diplodocus singadluli ubude 27 amamitha kanye isisindo amathani angu-20. Izinsalela yokuqala isibankwa obunokuthula batholwa kwezazi ngo-1877 e ezintabeni Colorado, USA.

Dinosaurs yaleli qembu ubuhlala kule Late kwesikhathi Jurassic endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Nyakatfo Melika abangaba yizigidi ezingu-150. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kwezazi bakholwe Diplodocus phakathi izibankwakazi kakhulu esisobala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo iyona enkulu kunazo zonke izibankwakazi eyaziwa wathola luphelele ngokubuyekeza amathambo. Diplodocus babe ezidla uhlaza, futhi ubukhulu bawo omkhulu kuyinto isivikelo ukuze Dinosaurs okuzingela wesikhathi - Ceratosaurus futhi Allosaurus.

Allosaurus - Diplodocus liduma!

Kulesi sihloko, thina ngeke bakwazi ukuba bacabangele zonke izinhlobo izibankwakazi anamagama, ngakho vele uvule nalabo abamele evelele kunazo zonke futhi owaziwayo lezi zidlakela edume. Omunye wabo - the Allosaurus. Lokhu ilungu uhlobo lwe of izibankwakazi ezidla kusukela iqembu theropods. Thanda Diplodocus, Allosaurus yayikhona esikhathini Jurassic abangaba yizigidi ezingu-155. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Lezi zidalwa letatinyakata ngemilenze yangemuva futhi kwadingeka forelimbs elincane kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, laba izibankwa safinyelela 9 amamitha amathathu ubude 4 ubude. Allosaurus kubhekwa kwekulu izilwane ezidla ezinye ezimbili ezinemilenze yesikhathi. Izinsalela lezi zidalwa esikhohlisayo ziye zatholakala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi eningizimu Yurophu, eMpumalanga Afrika naseNyakatho Melika.

Ichthyosaurs - edume izinhlanzi Izigcikilisha

Ingabe lamabutho yokuqothulwa ezihuquzelayo enkulu zasolwandle, ukufinyelela ubude ngamamitha angu-20. Ngaphandle, lezi izibankwakazi zazinjengethusi izinhlanzi yesimanje namahlengethwa. Isici lokumehlukanisa amehlo wabo omkhulu, ivikelwe indandatho bony. Ngokuvamile, ichthyosaurs nebanga elifushane nje kahle sizididanise izinhlanzi noma amahlengethwa.

I imvelaphi yalezi zidalwa namanje embuzweni. Ezinye kwezazi bakholelwa ukuthi - babevela Diapsid. Le nguqulo kuqinisekiswa Ukuqagela: Cishe ukubaleka ngandlela-thile ichthyosaurs branched kusukela main stem Diapsid ngisho nangaphambi lokhu subclass ihlukaniswe archosaurs futhi lepidosauria. Noma kunjalo, okhokho lezi zinhlanzi Izigcikilisha namanje akwaziwa. Ichthyosaurs saphela abangaba yizigidi ezingu-90. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Dinosaurs avuselwa esibhakabhakeni

Ekupheleni iplanethi Triassic aqalwa flying dinosaur zinhlobo esavela izinsalela ngokungalindelekile. Kwenzeka inqaba, base kakade bakheké ngokuphelele. Direct ngendlela okhokho balo kusuka lapho savela ngaso sonke isikhathi, angaziwa.

Faka yonke Triassic pterosaurs le rhamphorhynchus iqembu: lezi zidalwa yinhloko omkhulu, nemihlathi toothed futhi eside, amaphiko ewumngcingo, eside kakhulu futhi umsila nomzimba omncane. Ubukhulu yalezi "amajazi izinyoni" ezihlukahlukene. Pterosaurs - njengoba amaphayona ayebizwa kanjalo - kwadingeka ikakhulukazi usayizi njengoba ngama-gull lokhozi. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona imitha-5 imidondoshiya. Pterosaurs saphela iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule.

Tyrannosaurs - kwezinhlobo edume kunazo dinosaur

Uhlu izibankwakazi lasendulo kwakuyoba akuphelele uma asizange ingasaphathwa dinosaur omangalisayo zonke izikhathi futhi nangenkathi - Tyrannosaurus Rex. Kuyinto esikhohlisayo nezidalwa ayingozi uhlala ngokuvumelana negama layo. Le ndlela kuyinto uhlobo izibankwakazi ezidla kusukela coelurosaurs iqembu futhi suborder theropod. Kuhlanganisa ziwuhlobo olulodwa kuphela - Tyrannosaurus Rex (nge "Rex" ulimi Latin - luyinkosi). Tirannozavr njengoba allosaurus babe izilwane ezidla ezinye bipedal nge izingebhezi omkhulu namazinyo abukhali. Tyrannosaurus Rex nemilenze kuyinto eqhubekayo ukungqubuzana bokuphila: imilenze omkhulu indluzelekazi kanye ezincane hook like ngezidladla phambi.

Tyrannosaurus yiyona Uhlobo olukhulu phakathi emikhayeni yabo, kanye enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu eliwumhlaba izibankwakazi ezidla emlandweni iplanethi yethu. Izinsalela zalesi silwane kuye kwatholakala entshonalanga banamuhla eNyakatho neMelika. Ngokusho ososayensi, babehlala abangaba yizigidi ezingu-65. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, t. E. Kuyinto sebebadala, kwashona wonke lwamakhosi of izibankwakazi lasendulo. It tyrannosaurs ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele enkathini lonke olukhulu izibankwakazi, okwaphela ngesikhathi Cretaceous.

ifa enezimpiko

Kubantu abaningi, lokhu akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izinyoni - bona siyinzalo ngqo of izibankwakazi. Kwezazi wazibona isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle izinyoni izibankwakazi kuningi esifana. Khumbula ukuthi izinyoni - bayinzalo izibankwakazi eliwumhlaba - Dinosaurs, kunokuba flying ezihuquzelayo - pterosaurs! Okwamanje, ezimbili subclasses ezihuquzelayo lasendulo "hang emoyeni", njengoba oyise, umsuka ngqo kungukuthi zokuhlola ezasungulwa kwezazi. First Division - kuyinto ichthyosaurs, kanti eyesibili - ufudu. Uma ichthyosaurs esixoxe ngayo ngasenhla, lutho izimfudu kucacile!

Turtles - kuyinto amphibian?

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuyacaca ukuthi, ekucabangeleni ngesihloko ezifana "izibankwakazi", ingasaphathwa ngalezi zilwane. Umsuka ufudu subclass namanje oyimfihlakalo. Nokho, abanye Izazi basakholelwa ukuthi bavelaphi anapsid. Nokho, bephikiswa ngamanye izazi, abakholelwa ukuthi ufudu - bayinzalo ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni lasendulo. Futhi akuxhomekile nezinye ezihuquzelayo. Uma lo mbono kuqinisekisiwe, ke isayensi wesayensi intuthuko enkulu kuzokwenzeka: kungase kwenzeke ukuthi izimfudu ngokuvamile awunawo maqondana kancane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane, ngoba khona-ke bayokuzila ... izilwane zasemhlabeni!