1223: eRussia mcimbi. Imiphumela Battle of the Kalka

Black uvele 1223 izwe lethu. Lesi senzakalo senzeka eRussia ukuthi kunqunywa ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka le sezombusazwe eYurophu eseMpumalanga. Omunye impi akuphumelelanga waphenduka yonke inkambo yomlando.

1223: Indawo eRussia

bonke babe kakhulu kusukela lwezifundo zesikole engqondweni ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13 - isikhathi amaMongol ahlasele ezweni Polovtsian (eseduze isizwe Slavic) futhi insimu yase Russia. ukunqoba Russian ezweni lezi zidlamlilo sasendle sasikhona kancane kancane, kodwa kwenzekani ngo-1223 eRussia? Kwakungu-May 31, 1223 (njengoba kwabikwa kithi Laurentian Chronicle) wathatha impi yokuqala amabutho Khan futhi amasosha Russian. Sonke siyazi umlando lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuthi "Battle of the River Kalka."

Izimbangela the Battle of the Kalka

Impi phakathi AmaTatar futhi Russian kwesikhulu ngokushesha noma kamuva, wawuzoqhutshwa. Kungani? Ngokusho Mongol isu, olwasungulwa uGenghis Khan, isimo sakhe saba insimu-Mongolian kweqiniso hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi luhlanganise yonke iYurophu.

Kungani insimu enjalo enkulu AmaMongol? Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kukhona abantu abayimizulane. Abantu abanjalo abakwazi ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa endleleni yokulima. Nomads kungukuthi wahlanganyela ezolimo, nemfuyo kuphela. Abameleli abantu babe nezinkomo enkulu ukuthi wayenokuthile okunenani ukondla. indlela yokulima kuhilela esikhundleni gqwa amadlelo amasha, ngoba amadlelo emidala mbibi ukudla izilwane njengoba ukudla. Idinga eYurophu kwakuyi amaMongol njengoba edlelweni ezingaba ngawezinkomo zawo.

Imicimbi ngaphambi impi phezu Kalka

Kusobala ukuthi isimo empini phezu Kalka azenzekanga ngokushesha. Le mashi onqobayo amabutho amaMongol waqala e-Asia Ephakathi. Khona-ke lezi zidlamlilo kuqonde Iran. Alikho ibutho abazange bakwazi ukubavimba. AmaMongol baqhubeka ukushaywa isiqondiso eCaucasus. abaholi zidlamlilo ukwazi ukuthi emadolobheni amaningana ezinkulu abacebile eCaucasus, okuyinto kungasiqeda. Ukuba imashi okunqobayo eCaucasus, ezifana amabutho Georgian langena emazweni Russia yesimanje, ogama indawo lapho izizwe Alans futhi Polovtsy wahlala. Amandla ala Kubantu abayimizulane bahlulwa ngamunye ngamunye, ngoba Ukuhileleka we amaMongol abanqobi futhi nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni.

1223 ... Izinkundla eRussia, okuyinto engenzeka, Izikhulu ujabule, ngoba babazi ukuthi ngesinye lezi izindimbane safinyelela Kiev. izikhulu Russian kwadingeka ukuba bacabangisise amaMongol ngesicelo the Polovtsy. Nalapha futhi, kokuhilizisana amabutho zikaGenghis Khan ngokushesha noma kamuva, bekusayoba azibikezela ziye zenzeka. Eqaphela ukuthi AmaTatar abayekanga, izikhulu banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i senqabe Polovtsian Khan usizo. Umhlangano ekhatsi Kiev, amabutho Mstislava Galitskogo futhi Mstislav le benamagangangozi (ngaleso sikhathi iNkosi Kiev), eyathinteka emkhankasweni. Phakathi nomkhankaso amaMongol kabili bathumela amanxusa abo, injongo okuyinto wawuwukuvimba ibutho Russian. AmaMongol baye babonisa ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukubhekana kangcono nale Polovtsy, kodwa ngeke iye edolobheni-Russian.

Le mpi nge amaMongol

Ukwazi okuyinto kwenzeka e 1223, ngaphambi nje kokuba izindimbane Batu Khan, uGenghis Khan eRussia (okungukuthi, ukunqotshwa lamadolobha acebile of eCaucasus), ababusi Russian abazange balikholwe amanxusa zidlamlilo. Ngakho-ke, umkhankaso saba side kangakanani. Gang siyiswe ezansi Dnieper. Endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Cherkassy esifundeni amabutho Ukraine yenkosana kwadingeka ukwenza Ukunqamula Dnieper. Ngisho bekukhona kuhlangana kwabo kokuqala amabutho esitha. AmaMongol kwakukhona amahhashi okusheshayo, ngakho bakwazi ukuphuma futhi ukuyengela amabutho isiRashiya e esilungele empini, etholakala eduze komfula yesimanje Kalmius (Zaporizhia esifundeni).

Qala kwaliwa ngoba izikhulu Russian. Ngokwezinga elithile lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo ijubane isinyathelo amabutho kwesikhulu. Kiev isikhulu awela, futhi wafundelwa ekamu-Mongolian esekude, wabuyela indawo amaviyo alo ukuzilungiselela ukulwa. AmaMongol waqala ashona. Ikakhulukazi kakhulu sicindezelwe phezu squad Daniila Galitskogo. Kodwa ke Golden zidlamlilo wangena impi amabutho ezengeziwe, okwaholela umphumela oyinhloko izimpi eziningi emlandweni abantu Ukraine futhi Russian - ukubaleka umbimbi (Polovtsy), lapho yabhubhisa khona isakhiwo Russian amasosha nezikhulu. Emva kwalokho, i AmaTatar ukunqoba kwaba Kuxhomeke isikhathi kanye nobuchwepheshe. ibutho Slavic uye balahlekelwa esindayo kule mpi.

isiphetho

1223 ... Izinkundla eRussia Into edabukisa ngempela. Ukunqotshwa at Kalka ukubeka zonke eRussia endaweni kwencika eqondile ngokuphelele isimo, "zolotaya Orda." Tartar ijoka yathatha cishe 300 edlule. Le nkathi yomlando omkhulu lihlehla nomthelela omubi ukuthuthukiswa Russia nase-Ukraine komhlaba yesimanje.