Fransua Mitteran: Biography, umsebenzi, ikhaya nomgomo wezangaphandle

Fransua Mitteran - 21 uMongameli th yeFrance, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umongameli 4th Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Republic, eyasungulwa yomfowabo kaCharles de Gaulle. kobuholi bakhe izwe kwenzakala isikhathi eside emlandweni Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Republic, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo eyindida kunazo zonke, lapho pendulum zezombusazwe zashintsha ekubeni socialism yomyalelo ovulekile.

Ukuzalwa neminyaka cwaningo

Ngesikhathi lapho Europe namanje kushiswe kweMpi Yezwe I, ngo-1916, ngo-October 26 edolobheni Jarnac kwazalelwa uMongameli French Fransua Mitteran. Ngokusho kwakhe, aze azalwe "ku ekukholweni Katolika kakhulu" umndeni. Uyise wayengumGreki Jacques Mitterand, nonina - I. Lorraine. Edolobheni lakubo Jarnac, eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, futhi lapha imfundo yamabanga aphansi wayithola, bese baya "Saint Paul" - College boarding e Angumele. Le ndawo uyilungiselelo yangasese Catholic encomekayo, okwathi ngemva kwayo wazala Bachelor of Philosophy.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-18 Fransua Mitteran waya eParis lapho afike ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo. Kube wabhalisa eSorbonne, lapho afundela khona isayensi phambi 1938. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kuzoba ngisho ezintathu amadiploma: ekupheleni kwalelo khono philological futhi esemthethweni Sorbonne University, kanye School of Political Sciences. Ngalesi ukuqeqeshwa liyaphela futhi siqala ukuphila omdala, kodwa ngisho nalapho kubonakala ngokusebenzisa isipho zezombusazwe kanye ikhono lokubona izinto kusengaphambili, kwaba kakade umongameli sobala esizayo Mitteran Fransua. inqubomgomo yayo akuyona ukuthi bakhangwa futhi waphila ngokuvumelana nayo nge hot ngentshiseko ababewuncoma lo eza emandleni Popular Front ngo-1936.

kwezempi iMpi Yezwe II ngo ukuphila Fransua Mitterana

Entwasahlobo ka-1938, uFrancois lahlelwa. Waqala abakhonza 23 Colonial Infantry Regiment. Ngemva amaJalimane kwase idedelwa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, washukumiseleka ukuba esifundeni Sedan. Ngo-June 1940, e ukuthunjwa Paris yi Wehrmacht, Fransua Mitteran, yena waba sina walinyazwa ezimayini eziyingozi. Ngokuyisimangaliso, wakwazi ukuthatha nge kakade yahlulwa Paris, kodwa ngokushesha Fransua Mitteran kwaba basekuthunjweni German. It senziwa abathathu bazama ukubaleka, nokuthi-1941 wagcina wakwazi ukuthola endle futhi ngokushesha ngajoyina iqembu eliphikisayo. Kube wathola isidlaliso "kusho uCaptain Morlan."

Ngo 1942-1943, François khona sibalo esebenzayo ku POWs. Ngisho yena wasungula inhlangano komhlaba kanye Union Patriotic. Ekupheleni kuka-1943, emhlanganweni wokuqala nge yomfowabo kaCharles de Gaulle. Mhlawumbe wena ngandlela-thile phakathi kwabo ukusetha umugqa. Nokho, Fransua Mitteran, ngokungafani de Gaulle, owayengusombusazwe abasha, sezenhlalo, umhlangano wokuqala ababekhuphuke naye ingxabano kanye Wakumelela nemibono yakhe. Ngo-1944 owawusebenza yokukhululwa France futhi ilungu Paris kuvukela.

umsebenzi Political kule minyaka post-yimpi

Ngemva kokuwa eJalimane lobuNazi Fransua Mitteran waqala ngenkuthalo angenele apharathasi isimo we French Republic. Uye labetibambile okuthunyelwe ezikhonzayo ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi futhi waba umholi we YUDSR party. Wabamba inkambo anti-undlovukayiphikiswa futhi esidlangalaleni walahla inqubomgomo namandla ngokweqile yomfowabo kaCharles de Gaulle, ngisho wabhala incwadi ngaye.

Le mpi ngoba kusho iHhovisi likaMengameli

Izinto zashintsha emsebenzini wakhe wezombangazwe zaqala 1965. Phakathi nale nkathi waguqula yomlando wakhe. Fransua Mitteran okokuqala waba nengxenye ukhetho. Nokho, umzuliswano wesibili ukuthi babaleka, kwaba umongameli kumele angenelele ihlandla lesibili ukuthi ayakhethwa de Gaulle. Waqhubeka imisebenzi yakhe ukuphikiswa ngesikhathi inhloko inhlangano ye Left. Ngo-1974, ngesikhathi elapho wakhumbula isiphetho 1965 - walahlekelwa ukuba Valeri Zhiskar d'Estaing ku emzuliswaneni wesibili. isikhathi sakhe sasingakafiki.

Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, akazange achithe isikhathi ize wasebenza kuye ngokwakhe, wayebheke ezinye izindlela futhi udale imifelandawonye elisha lezombusazwe, ngenkuthalo ekhankasela njengoba ezifihliwe futhi evulekile. Ngokuvamile, kuba kakade ukuguga awuzange isithiyo. Phela, ngaleso sikhathi (1974) wayesefile kakade eminyakeni engu-60 ubudala, futhi kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukujabulela ukunqoba izitha, kodwa ukunqotshwa abangekho ecasukile. Ngakho-ke, okwalandela okhethweni 1981, waqala ukulungiselela kunanini ngaphambili.

UMongameli 4th Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Republic

Ngo-1981, ngo-January, ngesikhathi iCongress of saf (French Socialist Party), Enesikhathi iqokwe njengemikhumbi ikhandidethi okhethweni olulandelayo. Kwaba ihora lakhe ayetholakala. UMongameli 4th Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Republic kwaba Fransua Mitteran, inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle ukuthi behlakaniphe igama ekhethekile - "mitteranizm". Honours umsebenzi uFrancois nezinye omongameli kwaba ukuthi, ngokuba lo mama engumKatolika anti-lamakhomanisi, kunqubomgomo yakhe, wathembela kubo ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga, hhayi nakanye nomfelandawonye wayo.

inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Esikhathini okuholela uhulumeni Fransua Mitteran waqala ukuqhuba ukuletha izinguquko emphakathini. Umsebenzi wakhe kwenziwa nguhulumeni ukunciphisa isonto lomsebenzi, ukwehla ubudala impesheni, le ekuhlukanisweni kwamandla. Lapho iziphathimandla zendawo Mitterrand babe nemandla, futhi ngaleyo ndlela "isandla khulula" ekubhekaneni nezindaba eziningi. Lona umbuzo akamnikanga ukuthula phakathi nokubusa yomfowabo kaCharles de Gaulle futhi Mitterrand lwaluvame bagxekwa amandla ngokweqile ezandleni umuntu oyedwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigwebo sokufa uyekwa. France ngalolu daba wayengowokugcina wonke amazwe Western Europe. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1984 uhulumeni waphoqeleka ukuthuthela izilinganiso "austerity" futhi kunciphise kwekuhlela kabusha komphakathi.

Kusukela ngo-1986 kwaqala inkathi okuthiwa. "Nokuhlalisana" elashiya umongameli isinyathelo kanye ikhanda kwesokudla uhulumeni, ubani wazibonakalisa Zhak Shirak.

Ngo-1988, i-kwethemu yesibili wayethethelela ayakhethwa Fransua Mitteran. inqubomgomo yangaphakathi ayizange ithuthuke: ke asekelwe kwamakhomanisi, waya ukuxoxisana namabutho kwesokudla-wing futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akusho sidebeselele kwesokunxele, okuyinto ephawula ke sezombusazwe njengoba unamakhono futhi wemibono anolwazi mkhakha.

Inqubomgomo angaphandle Fransua Mitterana

Cishe yonke le minyaka likaMengameli wakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba ahlanganyele ukubusa ilungelo-wing ondunankulu. inqubomgomo Mitterrand angaphandle futhi inikeza umqondo ukujika phakathi kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla-wing amabutho. Ikakhulukazi, wakhuthaza ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano phakathi wamazwe ne-United States, eJalimane, bese kuya eJalimane obumbene, yebo, neRussia. Fransua Mitteran kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala ukusekela Boris Yeltsin ngesikhathi Icebo lika. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi izenzakalo-August 1991, ngenkuthalo babebambisene eSoviet Union. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFrancois owadlalela ukunwetshwa ngokubambisana neNhlangano amazwe ase-Afrika.

Ngo-1981, Fransua Mitteran inqobe ezinkulu - waba umongameli France, kodwa lowo nyaka, wamnika nomunye "ukumangala" - kwatholakala ukuthi unesifo Oncology. Kuyo yonke iminyaka ama wokubusa kwakhe, wahambisana namalungiselelo umdlavuza wendlala. Mitterrand balwa kuze kube sekugcineni. Ngo-1995, waphetsa kokubusa kwakhe kwesibili kamongameli ehhovisi, futhi ngesikhathi sikaKhisimusi yena nomkhaya wakhe kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe eGibhithe. Kodwa ngo-January 8, 1996-th, 79 th nyaka, 21 uMongameli th waseFrance Fransua Mitteran wangena kwelinye izwe. Isithakazelo kwezombangazwe, futhi uthando wezwe, yathumba ngokusebenzisa konke ukuphila kwakhe asisifushane.