KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

A ezihlukahlukene izitshalo. Uyini ukwehluka nezitshalo

Ukuhlola ngefasitela noma nje uhamba ngomgwaqo, ungakwazi bangaphezi Ukuncoma ubuhle bemvelo. Futhi konke lokhu ubuhle senziwa ngokuyisisekelo nje izitshalo. ezihlukahlukene okunjalo elikhanyayo, ephapheme futhi namanzi, ba nje kuphela ezikhanga azithinte, ukujabulela ukunambitheka kwabo futhi elinamanzi amaningi nenala ubunyoninco ubukhazikhazi.

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo isitshalo

Oh, yeka kukhona ezihlukahlukene izitshalo! Ubude kuze kube manje, kukhona phezu 350,000 zinhlobo salezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele nemvelo. Bonke bangabangasokile akufani njengoba Sakhiwo sangaphandle, futhi yokuphila kanye nezici ingaphakathi.

Esikhathini isimiso sezwe organic ukuthatha umbuso isitshalo lonke. Ukwahlukaniswa elula zalezi zinto kuyoba enjalo:

  • aphansi (umzimba uhlukaniswe izitho, lokhu ulwelwe kanye ulele);
  • ngaphezulu (umzimba uhlukaniswe izitho, yilezo abe impande, ekunqandeni kanye namahlamvu).

Futhi, nezitshalo ukwehluka isigaba eliphakeme iboniswa division zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

  1. Spore (wona, Izinhlobo, horsetails, club wona).
  2. Gymnosperms (AmaConifers, ginkgo, sagovnikovye).
  3. Angiosperms, noma izimila eziqhakazayo.

Iqembu ngalinye has ehlelekile ayo amakilasi, izizukulwane nezinhlobo, yingakho ezihlukahlukene izitshalo eplanethini yethu mkhulu kangaka.

amafomu Life

Omunye ngezizathu main lapho abamele flora ihluke nomunye, Akukhona ukubukeka. Kuyinto lesi sici isisekelo Ukwahlukaniswa eziphilayo. Plant ukwehluka kungabonwa, uma thina uhlukanise kubo ngemacembu:

  1. Izihlahla (AmaConifers: pine, sonwele * nomthidari, efana; lezihlahla: birch, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, Poplar, apula, njll).
  2. Ezihlabayo (Lilac, hazel, Honeysuckle, nokunye. D.).
  3. Ezihlabayo (currants, rose okhalweni, ama-raspberry).
  4. Nezihlahla (umhlonyane, Astragalus, eurotia, Salsola).
  5. Semishrubs (lavender, sage).
  6. Utshani (utshani mat, sedge, ukhohlwe-kimi, kaSolomoni uphawu, iminduze, nokunye).

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ihlanganisa ephakeme kuphela izitshalo angiosperm, zazo iningi iplanethi.

ulwelwe

Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle bezilokhu bayahlonishwa wonke abacwaningi nenithanda izwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amahle engavamile, ezimibalabala, kuyingozi futhi abangakwazi ukuzilwela, bakha umhlaba wonke, hhayi nhlobo ngokuphelele, yiziphazamiso ezihehayo ngakho futhi engaqondakali.

Yini abamele flora atholakala lapha? Lokhu ulwelwe futhi izitshalo emanzini, igcinwe ngesikhathi kwamanzi noma ngaphansi kwamanzi e emuva zakhe ingxenye stem.

Ulwelwe zihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana:

  1. Oluluhlaza (isib cyanobacterium).
  2. Unicellular oluhlaza (chlamydomonas, Volvox).
  3. Green ezinamangqamuzana amaningi (ulothrix, Spirogyra, Ulvi).
  4. Kelp (fucus, kelp, Sargassum).
  5. Red (porphyry radimeriya).

The main timphawu letehlukene yalezi izitshalo aqukethe yiqiniso lokuthi imizimba yabo (abameleli ezinamangqamuzana amaningi) abahlukanisiwe ezithweni. It imelelwa rhizoids futhi thallus, enza umsebenzi okunamathiselwe ku substrate.

Izimbali amanzi ezemidlalo

Ukuhlukahlukana zezitshalo okuqondene medium aqueous akugcini ulwelwe. Ngakho abameleli abaningi amahle izimbali uyajabula ezozibonela ubuhle bayo, elintantayo phezu kwamanzi noma selingene shí kuphela ingxenye.

Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • izinhlobo ezahlukene iminduze;
  • calla;
  • vodokras oluvamile;
  • bulrush;
  • hippuris;
  • loosestrife monetchaty;
  • ukusingatha;
  • Bolotnitsa inaliti;
  • imana;
  • Urrutia amanzi;
  • iris eSiberia;
  • amanzi Ranunculus;
  • Air-marsh nabanye abaningi.

Plant ukwehluka usawoti nemizimba amanzi ahlanzekile omkhulu kangangokuthi ungakha namathafa wonke, kokubili yokufakelwa kanye zemvelo. Abantu zisebenzisa flora ukuhlobisa okugcinwa, amachibi Efanele ehlotshisiwe kanye neminye imithombo ezenziwe umuntu.

spore

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa angaba yizinkulungwane 43. Tinhlobo iminyango ehlukene izitshalo ephakeme. Khona-ke abakhululiwe ezisemqoka ezilandelayo:

  • Bryophyta (wona, isibindi, antotserotovye, ukusakaza Moss);
  • Lycopsids (club wona);
  • Horsetail (Equisetum).

Isici esiyinhloko - kuyindlela yokuzala, okuyinto kunciphisa ukwakheka kwamaseli ezikhethekile - ezinhlamvu. Futhi ezithakazelisayo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zitshalo bahlala, enifeza alternation izizukulwane emjikelezweni ukuthuthukiswa: isizukulwane ngokobulili sporophyte asexual gametophyte esikhundleni, futhi okuphambene nalokho. abameleli okunjalo abakwazi imbali ifomu imbewu izithelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho basonta isigaba spore. Ukuphila kwabo kuncike kakhulu emanzini njengoba zizalela kwenzeka kuphela endaweni zinomswakama.

Abamele anencazelo kwezomnotho ezibalulekile futhi kabanzi hhayi nje kuphela ngohlobo kodwa futhi ekuphileni kobuntu. Okuhlobisa, isicelo okwelapha kuyinto ukubaluleka kwabo abantu.

coniferous

AmaConifers kukhona nezitshalo izici ezilandelayo:

  • amahlamvu modified zibe simise ekhethekile inaliti-efana futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "izinaliti";
  • ifomu ekuphileni izitshalo - nezihlahla;
  • Sakhiwo sangekhatsi igcwele amafutha abalulekile, inhlaka terpenes;
  • imbewu akhiwa, kodwa awekho izimbali kube phakade;
  • imbewu ebiyelwe isikali-cone nama-obala, okungakho kunomqondo elinye igama - Gymnosperms.

Zama-zezihlahla kakhulu, mayelana 630. Zenza umnikelo omkhulu ukwehluka jikelele zomhlaba isitshalo, kukhona isikhathi eside futhi esiyigugu zinhlobo esihlahleni. Ngokwemibiko ethile, kukhona izihlahla zikaphayini, okuyinto eyenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane 5000! Ukubukeka coniferous usenze kunoma iyiphi indawo, okujabulisa futhi owuthanda ne ubuhle baso. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • zikaphayini;
  • yokudla;
  • imisedari;
  • larch;
  • cypresses;
  • yesihlanu;
  • zokhuni;
  • yew.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezikhangayo yalezi izitshalo siwukuthi bangamalungu siluhlaza futhi ningachithi amahlamvu abo ebusika inkathi ebandayo (ngaphandle - larch).

Eziqhakazayo, noma angiosperms

Lona elikhulu wonke amaqembu ezaziwayo manje izitshalo, okulinganiselwa ezingaphezu kuka 280 ayizinkulungwane zilwane. Isici esiyinhloko - Ukwakheka kwezitho isitho zokuzala imbali, okuyinto has a isakhiwo ekhethekile ingashintshwa ukuze sizale.

Ihlumela imbali, futhi imbewu akhiwa, okuyinto ke ivikelwe izicubu ye-fetus. Yingakho lezi zitshalo kanye abizwa ngokuthi angiosperms. Ngokwabo izimbali zahlukahlukene ngakho ngokubukeka, ijamo, umbala usayizi Corolla ezingaba kuphela ziyamangala nimangale.

ukubaluleka Elikhulu elinikiwe ebantwini zom izitshalo zokwelapha. Asiza abantu nezilwane ezifweni ezihlukahlukene sinomthelela cishe zonke zomzimba.

Ukwahlukanisa the izimbali ebanzi, ngakho sicabanga kuphela umndeni ezivamile emakilasini ezimbili eziyinhloko - monocots futhi dicots.

  1. Monocotyledons: okusanhlamvu (rye, ukolweni, oats, amabele, amabele, umbila), umnduze (Tulips, iminduze, grouse), u-anyanisi (anyanisi, garlic, zisetshenziswa edlelweni utshani).
  2. Bipartite: Rosaceae (rose, eliphakathi kwe, iplamu, apula, ama-raspberry, ama-strawberry, rose), uvemvane noma okusanhlamvu (amantongomane, lupins, umtholo, kabhontshisi uphizi, i-clover, ubhontshisi), cruciferous (iklabishi, ukudlwengula, lwesinaphi, horseradish , isithombo), nightshade (utamatisi, noma utamatisi, pepper, nightshade, isitshalo seqanda, petunia, njll), Asteraceae (Dandelions, daisy, cornflowers, ubhekilanga, umama nosingamama, nabanye).

A ezihlukahlukene eziqhakazayo zinkulu kangangokuba bamboza bonke isihloko esifanayo, yebo, akunakwenzeka. Phela, yonke imindeni nezamakhulu izinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo, has izici zayo siqu ngamunye isakhiwo nokubukeka.

izitshalo elimazayo

Ngeshwa, naphezu ubuhle engenakuqhathaniswa zezitshalo eziningi abe izakhiwo eziqinile anobuthi, okusho ukuthi anobuthi e obuhlukahlukene lokuhlala lunezinto ezingaba thwebula noma ukubulala abantu, izilwane kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo izidalwa eziphilayo.

Nge abameleli abanjalo kufanele ukwethula izingane ebuntwaneni, ukuze baqonde kangakanani kungaba yingozi nezwe elingaphandle. A ezihlukahlukene izitshalo okuqondene ushevu, izwe libanzi inxa zombili, kukhona izinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze igama kuphela abameleli ezimbalwa ezivamile:

  • iqhwa Snowdrop;
  • empumalanga Hyacinth;
  • ekwindla Crocus;
  • daffodils;
  • Amaryllis;
  • lily kwesigodi;
  • Poppy soporific;
  • lamprocapnos;
  • Buttercup ezivamile;
  • iris;
  • dieffenbachia;
  • rhododendrons;
  • oleanders nabanye abaningi.

Kusobala ukuthi leli qembu akunakubangelwa izitshalo zokwelapha. Umthamo anda noma yimuphi umuthi kungaba ushevu.

izimbali ezidla

Okuhle indlela ukunikezela ezinye izitshalo ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi yenkabazwe planethi. Ziyakwazi insectivorous futhi ushicilele hhayi iphunga elimnandi futhi kujabulise futhi iphunga fetid. Izinhlobo ezinkulu:

  • Venus flytrap;
  • sundew;
  • Nepenthes;
  • Sarracenia;
  • pemphigus;
  • pinguicula.

Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga kukhona ukuma ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi umbala. Sinenkosi izindlela ezahlukene namadivayisi ukudoba futhi eziswini izinambuzane namagundane ezincane.

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