Yiziphi amagciwane? Biology: izinhlobo kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba amagciwane

Amagciwane (biology decrypts lisho ukuthini igama elithi ngakho) - ejenti extracellular okuyinto ingadlalwa kuphela ngosizo amaseli bukhoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi zingathinti nje abantu, izitshalo nezilwane, kodwa futhi amagciwane. Amagciwane abizwa ngokuthi bacteriophages. Hhayi kudala bebelokhu zilwane atholakala ezithinta nomunye. Zibizwa ngokuthi "iziphuphutheki amagciwane."

izici Jikelele

Ama-virus uhlobo eziningi kakhulu eziphilayo, njengoba kukhona kuzo zonke ecosystem ku iplanethi ewumhlaba. Isifundo sabo abathintekayo isayensi njengoba Virology - microbiology sigaba.

igciwane ngamunye kuyizinhlayiyana has izingxenye eziningana:

- ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo (DNA noma RNA);

- capsid (amaprotheni elingenamikhono) - umsebenzi zokuzivikela;

Amagciwane abe impela ezihlukahlukene amafomu, ezisukela Helical elula isiphetho icosahedral. osayizi Standard amayelana eyodwa wokuhamba usayizi igciwane elincane. Nokho, iningi zezinhlobo mancane kakhulu ukuthi they are cha fana ebonakalayo ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu ukukhanya.

Ngokwemvelo yabo, amagciwane izimuncagazi futhi awukwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ngaphandle kwengqamuzana ephilayo. Kodwa ukuba sensimini amaseli kuphele ukuba izimpawu ophilayo.

Sabalalisa ngezindlela eziningana: amagciwane abahlala izitshalo, eshukunyiswa izinambuzane adla utshani juice; isilwane amagciwane baphathe izinambuzane igazi-abancela. Ngo Kubantu, igciwane idluliselwa ngezindlela eziningi: kukhanyisa amaconsi sisemoyeni noma ngokocansi kanye ngokusebenzisa igazi.

umsuka

Amagciwane (Biology has lenqwaba zinhlobo) babe nemibono eziningana imvelaphi. Lezi yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho kutholakele zonke milimitha zomhlaba lapho kukhona izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. Ngakho-ke kukhona kusukela kakhulu ukuqala ukuphila.

Kukhona nemibono ezintathu ngemvelaphi amagciwane esikhathini sethu.

1. Umbono Lokudabuka yeselula libike ukuthi ejenti extracellular iphuma izingcezwana RNA kanye DTC, okungase ukhululeka emzimbeni ka usayizi omkhudlwana.
2. hypothesis kwamaciko ebonisa ukuthi amagciwane babe amaseli amancane, okuholela ngendlela yisinanakazana zokuphila eziphilako emikhulu, kodwa ekugcineni salahlekelwa izakhi zofuzo kwadingeka kwezinhlelo khona yisinanakazana.
3. Coevolution umbono usikisela ukuthi amagciwane sekukhona ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi kwakumiswe ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, okungukuthi izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule. Kwakukhona ngenxa ekwakheni izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi of acid nucleic namaprotheni.

Kafushane igciwane (ku biology of la magciwane, yethu isizinda solwazi, ngeshwa, kukude ephelele) ungafunda kulesi sihloko. Ngamunye zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo ebhalwe ngenhla ngokusekelwe eBhayibhelini has bokwenza zayo kanye umbono unproven.

Zamagciwane njengoba uhlobo lokuphila

Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili igciwane definition zokuphila. Ngokombiko othile, ama-ejenti lokuqala extracellular - a yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi organic. Inchazelo Esesibili sithi amagciwane ziyizidalwa ethile yokuphila.

Amagciwane (Biology kuhilela ukuvela izinhlobo eziningi entsha amagciwane) zinezikhathi njengoba eziphilayo emngceleni. Bafana amaseli abe isethi zazo ezihlukile zezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuguquguquka esekelwe indlela kwemvelo ophilayo. Futhi, bakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha, ukudala amakhophi abo siqu. Njengoba amagciwane musa akheke yeselula, ososayensi ungacabangi ngazo njengeziphilako ndaba.

Ukuze synthesize molecule ayo, ama-ejenti extracellular kudingeka yeseli aphethe. Ukungabikho umzimba ayo ayikuvumeli ukuba ngandise ngaphandle kosizo.

Nokho, lesi sihloko yesayensi yanyatheliswa ngo-2013 ukuthi abanye bacteriophages has uhlelo ayo omzimba uyakwazi lithathelwe. Futhi lokhu lingobunye ubufakazi ukuthi igciwane - uhlobo lokuphila.

Ukwahlukanisa amagciwane ku Baltimore

Yiziphi amagciwane, biology lichaza imininingwane ephathelene. David Baltimore (owathola uMklomelo KaNobel) ithuthukiswe ngezigaba zabo amagciwane, okuyinto namanje yimpumelelo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe izindlela kumiswa mRNA.

Amagciwane kumelwe yakha mRNA kusukela genomes siqu. Le nqubo kuyadingeka ukuze ukufanisana ayo nucleic acid amaprotheni kumiswa.

Virus ngezigaba (biology ivumela imvelaphi yabo), ngokuvumelana Baltimore, njengoba kulandela:

- dvutsepochnoy amagciwane kungekho RNA DNA esiteji. Lezi zihlanganisa Mimivirus futhi gerpevirusy.

- DNA onomzali balahleke nge polarity omuhle (parvovirus).

- Dvuchepochnaya RNA (rotaviruses).

- RNA onomzali balahleke ka polarity omuhle. Abamele flaviviruses, picornaviruses.

- single-balahleke RNA molecule polarity double noma ezingakhi. Izibonelo: filoviruses, orthomyxoviruses.

- RNA omuhle owodwa balahleke, futhi khona-DNA zamagama kwi-RNA (HIV)-matrix.

- Dvutsepochnaya DNA futhi khona-DNA zamagama ku isifanekiso RNA (ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo B).

ukuphila span

Izibonelo amagciwane eziphilayo ezitholakala cishe abayenzayo. Kodwa zonke umjikelezo wokuphila okuphuma cishe okufanayo. Hhayi kokuba isakhiwo cell, sakhe kabusha sokuhlukanisa, abakwazi. Ngakho-ke, sebenzisa izinto ezingaphakathi aphethe amaseli ayo. Kanjeyana they ukukhiqiza amakhophi amaningi ngokwabo.

igciwane umjikelezo unezigaba eziningana, okuyizinto vzaimoperekryvayuschimisya.

Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokuqala igciwane unamathele, ie-ke kuthathwa isixhumanisi ethize emkhatsini amaprotheni yabo futhi la mangqamuzana aphethe cell. Okulandelayo udinga ukufaka kuseli uqobo futhi sidlule impahla zaso zofuzo. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo ukubekezelela namaprotheni athé xaxa. Emva kwalokho ukulahlekelwa capsid, futhi ocwaningweni nucleic acid ikhishwe.

Ngemva amagciwane uwela ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana iqala umhlangano izinhlayiya ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye amaprotheni ukuguqulwa. Futhi ngenxa yalokho igciwane ezitokisini. Ngitjho nanyana angakhuthaza bona uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa, kungase bengenakuwubulala cell, futhi uqhubeke uhlala kulo.

isifo womuntu

Zamagciwane biology uhumusha ukubonakaliswa njengoba yokuphila ephansi kule mbulunga enguMhlaba. Enye iningi eziyisisekelo zabantu isifo viral kuyinto umkhuhlane. Nokho, lezi izimuncagazi kungabangela ukugula okungathí sina kakhulu ezifana noma imfuluwenza wezinyoni.

igciwane Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini indlela eqondile isinyathelo ku eseduze kwayo. Lokhu kuhilela lysis kwamaseli okuyinto eholela ekufeni. Ngo eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, umzimba uqala ukusebenza kahle lapho inombolo enkulu amaseli befa off. Ezimweni eziningi, igciwane kungenzeka kubange ukulimala kwempilo yabantu. Kwezokwelapha ibizwa ngokuthi ukungaphumeleli. Isibonelo igciwane ezinjalo kuba herpes. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo esicashile tikhone kuzuza. Ngezinye izikhathi yobukhona babo eheha amasosha omzimba emagciwaneni virus.

Ezinye izifo kungaba esingamahlalakhona noma impilo yonke. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana igciwane ethuthuka, naphezu kwemisebenzi okuvikela umzimba.

kubhubhane

lwezifo okunobuthi - isayensi Ucwaninga ngendlela ukulawula ukudluliselwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane e abantu. amagciwane ukudluliswa kungaba ovundlile, okungukuthi, kuye ngomuntu; noma mpo - kusuka kumama kuya enganeni.

ukudluliswa ovundlile iyona owande kakhulu igciwane ukusakaza esintwini.

ukudluliswa izinga legciwane kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana: ukwanda kwabantu, isibalo sabantu nge izinhlelo abampofu mzimba, kanye kusuka imithi izinga kanye sezulu izimo.

Ukuvikelwa Skin

Amagciwane e biology okungase kuthinte nempilo yabantu, mikhulu kakhulu. Impendulo yokuqala kakhulu okuvikela kwesikhathi umzimba isegazini. Siqukethe izindlela ezikhethekile ezinikeza isivikelo-non-ethize. Lolu hlobo amasosha omzimba akakwazi ukunikeza isivikelo futhi eside.

Lapho yezilwane ezinomgogodla amasosha omzimba oluhambelana livela, ube esehosha amasosha omzimba ekhethekile babiza igciwane futhi kwenze kube ephephile.

Kodwa yini yonke amagciwane akhona atholwe amasosha omzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-HIV kushintsha njalo ukulandelana acid acid, ngaleyo ndlela sisuka izivikeli mzimba.

Ukulapha nokuvikela

Zamagciwane eziphilayo - kuba Kuyaziwa kakhulu, ososayensi baye esephetha yokugoma ekhetheke kangaka equkethe "Izinto zelizwe" bona amagciwane. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu futhi ngempumelelo emzabalazweni ngokugoma, okuyinto kudala amasosha omzimba izifo, kanye izidakamizwa elwa namagciwane, ekwazi ngokukhetha zivimbela ukufanisana amagciwane.

Amagciwane namagciwane biology uchaza ikakhulukazi njengoba izakhamuzi ezinonya zomzimba womuntu. Okwamanje, umgomo lunganqotshwa engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu igciwane sifakwe umzimba womuntu, futhi nakakhulu - emzimbeni kwezilwane.

Izinyathelo ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi nangokunembile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isintu kudingeka siphile ngendlela enempilo futhi uzame zonke izindlela ongazithatha ukuze kuqinise amasosha omzimba. Isimo kumele ajube ithimba quarantines isikhathi ukunikeza ukunakekelwa okuhle kwempilo.

isitshalo amagciwane

amagciwane yakha biology awukudla ikakhulukazi round nenduku emise. izimuncagazi okunjalo ngempela inombolo enkulu. Esikhathini ipulazi bona ikakhulu kuthinte isivuno, kodwa balahle kubo uneconomical. Kusukela isitshalo ukutshala amagciwane chithi by zithwala isinambuzane. zinhlobo okunjalo musa kuthinte abantu noma izilwane, njengoba bengeke bakwazi kuphela zanda plant amaseli.

Green Abangane zezwe, futhi, ingavikelwa kuzo ngosizo isakhi sofuzo indlela ukuzinza. Isikhathi esining impela izitshalo ehlaselwe igciwane, athoma ukuba ejenti elwa namagciwane ezifana salicylic acid noma nitrogen oxide. Isayensi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo amagciwane is nezinkinga ukwehlulwa evundile isitshalo izimuncagazi, kanye ukushintsha yabo amakhemikhali noma okushintshwe, okuyinto enomthelela ukuqhubeka-biotechnology.

amagciwane yokufakelwa

Amagciwane eziphilayo ziningi. Kuyadingeka ikakhulukazi acabangele yokuthi ososayensi bafunde indlela ukudala izimuncagazi yokufakelwa. Lezi zilwane lokuqala yokufakelwa etholwe ngo-2002. ejenti Iningi extracellular isakhi sofuzo yokufakelwa busuka iseli iqala ukubonisa izinga ezithathelwanayo. Okungukuthi, ziqukethe yonke imininingwane edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe is kabanzi ukukhiqiza imithi yokugoma anti-infective.

Ukukwazi ukuqamba amagciwane ngaphandle kwesibeletho kungase kube nemiphumela eminingi. Lingaqhubeka angafi ngokuphelele uma kusekhona ebucayi emzimbeni wakhe ukuphi.

Amagciwane - isikhali

Ngeshwa, izimuncagazi ezithathelwanayo ungakha umqedazwe yinhlekelele, ngakho ingasetshenziswa njengendlela isikhali begazi. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa umkhuhlane waseSpain, obadalwa egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Esinye isibonelo ingxibongo. A wokugomela sekuvele ezitholakele, kodwa njengoba umthetho, ukugoma kuyindlela abasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye amasosha kuphela, okusho ukuthi abanye abantu ungaphakathi into engaba ingozi uma lolu hlobo izikhali ezingamagciwane sizosetshenziswa umkhuba.

Amagciwane kanye Biosphere

Okwamanje, i-ejenti extracellular 'zingaziqhayisa "isibalo esiphezulu abantu nezinhlobo ophilayo eMhlabeni iplanethi. Zenza i umsebenzi obalulekile ngokulawula imiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo. Isikhathi esining impela akha Symbiosis nezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye iminyovu Isihlungu iqukethe izingxenye umsuka ezibangelwa amagciwane. Nokho, indima zabo eziyinhloko e-khona uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ungukuphila ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle.

Ngo ithisipuni elilodwa uLwandle Lukasawoti iqukethe ayisigidi amagciwane. injongo yabo eyinhloko ukulawula ukuphila zemvelo yasemanzini. Iningi lawo abantu ngokuphelele ingozi yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene

Kodwa akugcini lapho izimfanelo ezinhle. Amagciwane alawule inqubo ye-photosynthesis, ngakho okwandisa okuqukethwe oksijini emkhathini.