Abathwali France yesimanje kanye seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Isintu nolaka ngokwemvelo. Lokhu Iqiniso elibuhlungu kuqinisekiswa nezimpi eziningi ezilwiwa ngabantu ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngisho imihlaba antiutopian Aldous Huxley, Orwell futhi Bradbury umuntu angeke akwazi ongenabo ubudlova. Ngokusobala, izikhali wayesikaza, futhi amanye amalungu alo Sapiens uhlanga homo bagomela ngokwabo, nge kungakhathaliseki ngasiphi isizathu isimo ukuza ukulwa. Impi Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle yezikhali, futhi umphumela wayo ekutheni yimalini namandla ukuhlonyiselwa omunye amaqembu ukuba impi. Ngokwesibonelo, amabutho yesimanje asolwandle ayizwakali ngaphandle ukulwa umkhumbi esiyingqayizivele: othwala izindiza.

Aircraft yenethiwekhi: umkhumbi okuqhubekayo

Lena umkhumbi omkhulu, ethwele izindiza wezimpahla: ezindizeni noma ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Futhi kungaba phezulu emakhulwini aviamashin. Bangabaholi amandla main okuphawulekayo yenethiwekhi. Okokuqala surface enjalo isitsha uvele kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kodwa ikakhulukazi izibulo kwaba ukuthi baguquka kwezinye izinhlobo imikhumbi. Isibonelo, lokhu umkhumbi waba impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu okuthiwa "Birmingham". Nge emphemeni yayo ngokokuqala indiza wakhumula. Kwathi isenzakalo esibalulekile ngo-1910, futhi kwasho ukuqala indiza yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe. Ngezinye yimikhumbi yokuqala enjalo esetshenziselwa kwesimo endaweni, kodwa kamuva bakuqaphela ukubaluleka indiza njengendlela yokuthola bombardment. Njengoba sekuzoqala ukwakhiwa abathwali izindiza esetshenziswa seaplanes, njengoba izindiza kokuthatha off kungenzeka, nihlale ezihlalweni emphemeni - akukho. Ngenxa yale njongo seaplanes, okuyinto lawela ngempumelelo kwamanzi. Indaba uya ukuthi iziphathi-French izindiza eMpini Yezwe II babembalwa: ukuba ngqo, eyodwa kuphela, njengoba e-United States. Inani elikhulu izitsha ezinjalo ngaleso sikhathi kwaba e-United Kingdom (amayunithi 7). Ngemva kwalokho, ekuklanyweni abathwali izindiza Melika kuphumelele.

Le mikhumbi zihlukaniswe izikhundla ezilandelayo:

• abathwali izindiza;
• yezitolo;
• ethwele Balloons;
• indiza abathwali;
• gidroavianostsy;
• emoyeni;
• kwamanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlukaniswa isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, ukushaqeka anti. Ngokusho uhlobo amandla, kukhona onobuhle ezivamile futhi athomu.

Main izici zenethiwekhi

Steel amagobolondo abathwali babe namandla athe xaxa, kusukela ukushuba yabo ifinyelela ngamasentimitha ambalwa. Ubude umkhumbi giant inamakhulu amamitha: amplitude zokhahlamba kusuka 180 kuya 342. Okusalungiswa isitsha ufinyelela imitha-12 ukujula. emphemeni ububanzi mikhulu, onikeza abathwali izindiza isithombe ongenakulibaleka. Ngezansi emphemeni zitholakala echwebeni omkhulu futhi hangars ngoba izindiza yesondlo. Leli gquma kuphela kwi emphemeni, uhlobo "isiqhingi" liyisikhungo umyalo, okuhlanganisa indawo uhlelo kanye antenna. Localize kwalesi sikhungo ngokuvamile ohlangothini lwesokudla.

Flight emphemeni - kwenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu umkhumbi othwala izindiza. Ziyakwazi izinhlobo ezintathu, esinye sazo ayisetshenziselwa. emphemeni Flat, isibonelo, has a owaziwa French izindiza yenethiwekhi "Sharl De Goll". Onezitezi yalolu hlobo asetshenziselwa i ovundlile Take-off. Ngenxa yale njongo, lo catapult umusi. Onezitezi nge zithuthukisa efakwe izimoto, ehlanganisa indiza mpo Take-off. Isici nobuntu emphemeni onjalo inhlangano ukusuka kanye kokwehla emapheshana.

Flight emphemeni, ehlanganisa amazinga ezimbili, lasetshenziswa kwaze 30s kwekhulu elidlule. On the ekhaleni abathwali izindiza elise emphemeni ukusuka futhi ngaphezulu - kokwehla. Kodwa njengoba leli qhinga kwakuyingozi ngoba abashayeli, kwashintsha, refitting ke, njengoba kujwayelekile abathwali izindiza ezivamile.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo Navy imidondoshiya

Engaqaliwe kuyoba ezithakazelisayo ukuze uthole ukuthi lapho efika abathwali mthombo ongashi amandla nesivinini. Into wukuthi esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi, esisogwini imikhumbi banamuhla ngokunenzuzo, kuhlanganise izindiza abathwali France, ukuhlinzeka uhla angenamkhawulo of ukunyakaza lwemikhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokufaka yenuzi esiphathiswa uyakwazi ukusekela esiphezulu kunokuba isivinini Cruising amasonto.

Futhi leli qiniso kubalulekile, njengoba nokubekwa evulekile. Itholakala i-engela 9⁰. Lokhu akuzange kuzenzakalele. Ngaphambili, lapho band kwaba oqondile, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba izibhelu izindiza nokuma, labo abafika kabi. Phela, kunzima ngempela - oyakuhlala jika futhi emphemeni emincane. Ukuze ugweme izingozi ezinjalo futhi imililo kubangelwa kubo, abaklami wafika ikhambi abakhaliphile ngalokho lunikeze ilungelo umshayeli ukuba enze amaphutha.

imikhumbi French

lasolwandle French kuthatha indawo ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Ngo ukufuduka yayo (amathani 321,850), kuba phakathi Korea nelase-United Kingdom. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola le zokwakheka enamandla abezempi ngwenya, frigates ultra-yanamuhla, ukuphila kokubili emanzini nasezweni, Cruisers, abachithi, futhi-ke, edume izindiza yenethiwekhi France "Sharl De Goll" displacement ayizinkulungwane 37. Tonnes. Ngesisekelo amandla kokwehla iyona impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Mistral". Ihamba yalolu hlobo kukhona amayunithi ezintathu.

Kodwa okwamanje ukushoda ikhava emoyeni, njengoba zezindiza French asolwandle ine 60 nje emphemeni of izindiza enkonzweni. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni waseFrance ukhulelwe sesimanje ezibucayi Navy, njengoba umthamo wamanje alwanele ukulondoloza imisebenzi yezempi global. Nakuba zikhona baseFrance ephawulekayo bargaining chip: zenuzi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokhu yesimanje ezicitshwayo ballistic.

France kanye neMpi Yezwe II

The French kufanele ngokuthi iphayona zezindiza asolwandle. Abawakha seaplanes, izikebhe ezindizayo seaplanes, kanye yempi futhi Cruisers ifakwe izihlilingi ukuthatha off. Futhi kule 20s of leminyaka elidlule, amabutho French asolwandle baye agcwaliswa ilungu elisha - the olwesimanje izindiza yenethiwekhi yempi "Béarn". On ke wamiswa evulekile emphemeni futhi catapult. Lokhu umkhumbi, noma ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa, iqhaza eMpini Yezwe II ngokumelene wobushiqela isiJalimane, kodwa ngo-1940 uye kophumula. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva yokubuyiswa French Republic ukuba eJalimane lobuNazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1937, ngokwemibiko ye-hlelo nalehleliwe shipbuilding, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe imikhumbi entsha eziningana. Kodwa kwakungenjalo ukuba. Phakathi kuka-1939 kuya ku-1945, amabutho France, ikakhulukazi ngoxhaxha, walahlekelwa kakhulu izikhali, bafuna yokutakula Imininingwane. Ngakho ukuthi bangaki izindiza abathwali waseFrance phakathi nempi amaJalimane? Phakathi amaphrojekthi ezinganeni futhi eqandisiwe ezifana "Joffre", "Clemenceau" izindiza yenethiwekhi Ngishoné "Kommandan Test", wema omunye umholi lempi "Bearn".

Aircraft yenethiwekhi "Béarn": umlando hoary

French Vice Admiral Bourget kubhekwe ngokufanele ngokuthi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo ngivuselele abathwali izindiza French Navy njengendlela base. Lo muntu owayeke wayala "Béarn", ngakho iseluleko sakhe sibaluleke futhi izwakale. I Admiral wayekholelwa ukuthi imikhumbi French akumelwe ibe ngaphansi kuka 6 abathwali izindiza. Uhulumeni sithenge abathwali izindiza kamuva e-England, bese in the 50s the bemikhumbi French yakhelwe izindiza yenethiwekhi "Clemenceau" futhi "Foz".

Kodwa on the wempi, izindiza yenethiwekhi "Béarn", kuwufanele isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe, uma kuphela ngoba ukuthi iqhaza empini namaNazi. Aircraft yenethiwekhi nengxenye befuna umkhumbi German "Admiral Graf Spee". Ukwakhiwa isitsha waqala ngoJanuwari 1914 futhi mhla kwaba ngo-Ephreli 1920. Isitsha okusalungiswa esingeqile 9 amamitha kanye nobubanzi - esiphathiswa 27. Ubude babuyizingalo 182 m. Inombolo Amatilosi abantu 865.

Abathwali French Navy waqala nomlando wayo nale isitsha zempi. Yena bebehlome ngezibhamu anti-aircraft, torpedoes, futhi kwadingeka ebhodini 40 izindiza. Inkampani yenethiwekhi sakhiwa zezindlu "Normandy", le powerplant yempi ophephela kwathathelwa indawo. Ngemva Zinikeleni French kwakukhona ngandlebenye ukuthi yenethiwekhi alethwe Martinique wonke umbuso yegolide, kodwa lolu lwazi baqinisekisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi, "Bearn" ethwele izindiza ezivela eCanada ezweni lenkaba yawo. Ngo-1967, umholi French kwekhulu elidlule ladilizwa.

Sharl De Goll noma uRichelieu?

Manje abathwali izindiza isiFulentshi, yesimanje kanye namalunga ahlonyiswe konke okudingekile ukuze sihlangabezane nezindinganiso wezempi. Kunalokho, French izindiza yenethiwekhi okwamanje kuphela: edumile "Sharl De Goll". Lokhu umkhumbi lakhiwa futhi umkhankaso ngo-1994. Ukusebenza kwawo kwaqala ngo-2001. Nge ukuhamba obuyizinkulungwane 42. Amathani izindiza yenethiwekhi kwenza 27 travel amasayithi. Kuye ezimbili injini zenuzi, isitsha ubude 261 metres uphinde uthele kancane ububanzi mayelana 64. Isithwali iyona umkhumbi ngobukhulu eFrance, kodwa nje uma eqhathaniswa naso efanayo imikhumbi laseMelika yezikhali zenuzi kuyinto encane. Amatilosi kunalokho yakhe enkulu futhi enezisebenzi 1900, kuhlanganise nama-pilot nezinduna.

Umlando waleli wempi owaqala ngokuvukela yokuthi uhulumeni wanquma ukuzinika esikhundleni yisikhathi French izindiza yenethiwekhi "Foch" futhi "Clemenceau" onobuhle ngaphezulu yesimanje. Kodwa sidalwe eyodwa kuphela isitsha uchungechunge olunjalo, kusukela izindleko zalo okusezingeni eliphezulu ayivunyelwe ukuqhubeka iphrojekthi. I othwala izindiza is hhayi nje ngcono, ngenxa yokuhlola kuhlulekile.

Ngokuqondene ukwakhiwa komkhumbi, yona ifakwe amasistimu esimanjemanje kakhulu: izihlilingi, bulkheads unsinkable, esikabili radar omnandi imishini ezifihliwe. Kukhona amanzi amanzi, uhlelo ukuvikelwa umlilo. Crew enikeziwe air-conditioning futhi ukupholisa izinhlelo. Yakhelwe ingalali izindawo ukhululekile, ukuzilibazisa izindawo kanye yokudla.

Emhlabeni igama umkhumbi othwala izindiza ngesikhathi abavusa le mpikiswano sina: Fransua Mitteran, uMongameli France, wafuna igama umkhumbi "uRichelieu", njengoba kubhekwe ke senzo okungalungile iqembu Gaullist. Kodwa esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, Zhak Shirak namanje yokumbonisa ukuthi umkhumbi Wethiwa elika igama jikelele abadumile.

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali "Charles"

umkhumbi Nuclear amandla anele iminyaka 5 egijima ngejubane 25 ifindo. Lokhu yenethiwekhi ubophekile ukuba amandla isitshalo nge okukhulu amandla ukugcwaliswa: izinkulungwane 76 amahhashi .. Encwadini sizindza lesicinile okunjalo kungase kanyekanye ibekwe-100 izindiza. Kodwa ngokuvamile, imikhumbi kuhlanganisa 40 izindiza, zazo fighters eziningana, ukuhlaselwa izindiza, kwesimo endaweni izindiza futhi axhunyiwe. Kukhona kwi emphemeni nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Futhi, esiphathiswa ifakwe izinhlelo radar kanye ukufaka umoya ukuzivikela. Ngakho ucela, bangaki izindiza abathwali evela eFrance manje kungenzeka thembeke ukuphendula: eyodwa. Kodwa kukhona abanye abambalwa imikhumbi, emi cishe ku okufanayo ezingeni lokulwa umthamo nokukhuthazela.

"Mistral": enqoleni French

Landing umkhumbi, indiza yenethiwekhi "Mistral" ihlukile kwezinye ukusetshenziswa multi-purpose. Kungaba esibhedlela, watshala on lamabutho umhlaba kokwehla ezinezinjini njengekhampasi umyalo isikhungo, bear kanye nokugcina ukulwa ezinophephela emhlane. Lapho ekhuluma French izindiza yenethiwekhi "Mistral" Nokho hhayi umkhumbi othwala izindiza ngokugcwele, kodwa futhi nomele njengabawufanelekele French Navy. Inzuzo ezibalulekile ingashiwo zokuqapha isikhala kancane futhi ukucabangela, okuyinto advantageously eyenziwa ezinophephela emhlane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhumbi angase abekwe kokwehla izikebhe, ithangi Ibutho nokuphezulu amasosha angu-900 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola French Navy has ezintathu umkhumbi efanayo "Mistral", "Tonnerre" futhi "Dismyud".

Kungenzeka yini ukuba sizike umkhumbi othwala izindiza?

Lona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ngomkhumbi onjalo sverhdorogostoyaschie baphathe omningi izikhali ke, yebo, imisebenzi ayisivikelo yenethiwekhi akuyona ngokuphelele ukwanelisa izidingo ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngaso sonke isikhathi emhlabeni elikhulu umkhumbi 15 noma ngaphezulu imikhumbi, ekuvikeleni okuthembekile endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angu-300. Nokho empeleni ukucwila umkhumbi othwala izindiza, nakuba kunzima kakhulu. The elula, kodwa hhayi ngempumelelo kakhulu indlela - lokushaya. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele iwukudambisa imikhumbi zokuphepha, bese uzama ukubeka othwala izindiza ukuba phansi, kuyoba nzima kakhulu, ngoba yona ifakwe inqwaba linezingxenye.

Hhayi indima okungenani e ukuhoxiswa umkhumbi othwala izindiza aphume senzo ukudlala umdlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi umthamo wemvula, port, ababhukudi abangena eqenjini kumelwe ukubhukuda imperceptible ukuba isitsha futhi ukusungula idivayisi akude alufakwa enzansi yayo. Into eyinhloko ukuze uthole engakabonwa muntu kule kokuhlinzwa.

Enye indlela angase torpedoed abagibele ngwenya buthule. Yiqiniso, omkhulu izindiza yenethiwekhi ngeke ukwazi ukubalekela lo torpedoes. lapha kuphela ngwenya ekuhlaseleni nge okungenzeka enkulu ngokushesha abhubhise imikhumbi yokuvikela.

Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke kucwila indiza yenethiwekhi missile enikeziwe iziteleka zenuzi. Kusobala ukuthi lesi samuva ngenxa ukutheleleka nge insimu, kanye nezinye imiphumela eyinhlekelele, asetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.

Imikhumbi Ngokuzayo

Kodwa abathwali izindiza waseFrance khona eminye imibuso yezwe kungukuthi emi namanje, i-onobuhle ezintsha, zanamuhla futhi eziphambili. Ikhumbula isipiliyoni impumelelo esikhathini esidlule futhi amaphutha Ngokuzayo izindiza yenethiwekhi iphrojekthi yadalwa ngaphansi ukufuduka igama CVNX obuyizinkulungwane 100. Tonnes. Ngo indalo yayo yasetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe "ngobuqili", isikhungo entsha zenuzi, okuvumela isikhathi eside ukuya ngaphandle refueling, kanye sikebhe design ngokuphelele entsha. Ngokusho Abadali Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lowo mkhumbi lonke yempilo engu amahlanu bakwazi ukudlula 3 million nautical miles futhi baphathe. Usuku ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha olwandle.

Ipumelelo ngokushesha ezihambayo, kuhlanganise embonini lempi. Bachitha izimali ezishisiwe bethenga ubuchwepheshe bamuva, kodwa ukuthula emhlabeni akunakuthengwa mali.