Abiogenesis - Iyini?

I eminyaka ubudala emlandweni wesintu uyazi yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo ngemvelaphi lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ngalolu daba, kukhona amaphuzu amabili okuphambene ngokuphelele umbono. Omunye wabo uthi ephakama ekungalayishweni eziphilayo - kuyinto abiogenesis. Eyesibili linombono ukuthi abantu abaphilayo bangakhuluma kuphakama kuphela nga fudumele - kuyinto biogenesis. Uyini umehluko phakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela biogenesis ka abiogenesis, zama ukuqonda lesi sihloko.

ukubukwa umlando

Imibono mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila is ngokucacile kwehlisa nezinga yolwazi inkathi ethile. Ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho ulwazi isencane, imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka eziphilayo hit kumnandi yayo. Nazi ezinye imibono zefilosofi futhi zemvelo yesikhathi esidlule. Ngokwesibonelo, Empedocles (V BC.) Ayekukholelwa ukuthi izihlahla athwale amaqanda. U-Aristotle (. IV BC) wagomela ukuthi izintwala zihlobene inyama nezimbungulu - juice umzimba isilwane. Lezi ukubukwa yesizukulwane nokuguqulwa sokuphila ngokwako yayikhona kuze maphakathi nekhulu XVII, lapho isiZulu sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) theory, futhi lo dokotela Italian F. Redi (1626-1698) kanye ULouis Pasteur (1822-1895) cishe kwafakazela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento isizukulwane nokuguqulwa zokuphila . Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ngaqala ukwakha amakamu amabili alwayo, le mibono emibili alizimele zokuphila - biogenesis futhi abiogenesis.

Nasi theory

Ngaphansi Abiogenesis (kusuka lesiGreki kuphikisa aduduze - a, bio - ukuphila futhi genesis - ukubukeka) ukuqonda imfundiso yokuziphendukela okuvela kuyo izakhiwo organic wezinto kusuka ngaphandle eziphilayo. Ngokuyisisekelo abiogenesis - theory mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila ekungalayishweni. Bese udinga ukucacisa kuyini ukuphila futhi ezingaphili lapho kuba uyaphila. Futhi kusukela namuhla ukuphila definition sitolikwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi kusukela timvo letehlukene, njengoba abasekeli abiogenesis futhi biogenesis ihlala setha.

Life imfundiso yokuziphendukela abiogenesis

Kulesi mqondo, abaluleke kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi zindlela zofuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuchaza ukuphila. Zonke ezinye zindlela - thermodynamic nezemvelo - saziwa yesibili. Izinhlinzeko nomqondo abiogenesis hypothesis kanje:

• Animate ngisho nezinto ezingaphili kuhluke Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezici (umzimba). Zonke izinkolelo-mbono kule ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi i-abiogenesis kwamakhemikhali.
• Umsuka wokuphila Emhlabeni kwaba, ngokwemvelo, futhi amandla khulula. Lo mphumela ukubukeka compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi organic kusuka wezinto elula nge obhekwe ukusabela entsha chemical therebetween. Zonke izinkolelo-mbono umsuka wokuphila yalendawo ngokuthi geocentric.
• I izici eziyinhloko nezici labaphilayo - kuyinto exchange of izinto, self-kabusha zazo siqu, ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha.

Ngakho, abiogenesis - a eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma geocentric namakhemikhali lokuchaza imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Life ngenxa biogenesis

Biogenesis unika igunya sezindawo thermodynamic nezemvelo ukuthi ukuhlukanisa fudumele nezingaphili. izindlela Ngakho zofuzo, kwamakhemikhali kanye yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezibhekwa ozikhethela. biogenesis umqondo ngendlela elandelayo:

• izinto Live, kanye ezingaphili - lawa isimo ezimbili ezihlobene futhi engenakususwa ndaba. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono abizwa ngokuthi zemvelo.
• Thermodynamics (entropy ngxabano) futhi uhlelo (Dynamic Stability kanye kwakuwukuthi ubudlelwane) ingxenye - lawa izici eziyinhloko futhi izimpawu zokuphila.
• Life eladabuka yonke, futhi isimiso semvelo soMhlaba - ukubonakaliswa esiphilayo Cosmos. Lezi zinkolelo-mbono abizwa ngokuthi isikhala.

Biogenesis, ngakho-ke inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela cosmocentric ezingokomzimba nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

ukubukwa yesimanje

Isayensi yanamuhla umbono ukuthi luhlanganisa zonke imiqondo ku uhlelo esinobunye ulwazi mayelana nendlela ezintweni ezingaphili yaphenduka eziphilayo. Njengoba indlela okungenzeka kakhulu abadabuka ophilayo isayensi yesimanje uyavuma ukuthi esigabeni sokuqala - kuyinto abiogenesis. Futhi siqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Ukuvela monomers begazi.
• Ukwakheka polymers begazi.
• Ukufika kombuso ulwelwesi izakhiwo kanye eyinhloko lenyama - protobionts.

ukuqhubeka nokuphila emhlabeni wayehamba kwaba lula - by izindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Darwin (ufuzo, ukushintshashintsha futhi Ukukhetha).

kumiswa Abiotic engokwemvelo

kwemvelo Chemical noma prebiological abiogenesis - lokhu nesenzakalo izinto eziphilayo ukusuka wezinto ezingaphili. Ngo-1924, Russian academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) wasikisela ukuthi eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds ikhambi elihlale kwakhiwa ngokuzenzekelayo indawo ye ukwanda (coacervate amaconsi noma coacervates), okuyinto behlukene imvelo, kodwa inakekelwa exchange. ithiyori Oparin ngo-1929, asekelwe usosayensi waseBrithani Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), kanye nesayensi sima siqine imfundiso yokuziphendukela coacervates, okubandakanya isizukulwane okuzenzakalelayo udaba eziphilayo kusaqalwa ukuthuthukisa iplanethi yethu nge izimo ngokomzimba esiyingqayizivele.

Ubufakazi umbono ka abiogenesis

Ekuqaleni ukufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka zamagama nokuguqulwa izinto eziningi eziphilayo kusuka wezinto kwakungenakwenzeka. Nokho, namuhla, bese sivele sidlulile izigaba ezithile futhi imiphumela eyatholakala.

Konke lokhu kwaqala ngo-1953 lapho izazi zamakhemikhali Stanley Miller, uHarold C. Urey inhlolo-vo nge umhluzi oyinhloko (ngoLwesithathu, prebiotic-like Emhlabeni). Ukufika amandla (kufika ku eziyinkulungwane 60 ngalinye) ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi ngesikhathi lokushisa 80 Celsius kuholele kumiswa ama-fatty acid, urea futhi ama-amino acid eziningana (amaprotheni monomers). Futhi ngo-2008 ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo American udale "protocells" nge ulwelwesi, ngo-2011 i-izazi zezinto eziphilayo-Japanese baye banyathelisa umsebenzi ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane vesicles nge igobolondo kanye nekhono ukwehlukana.

precariousness izikhundla

Naphezu kwentuthuko izazi zezinto eziphilayo zokuhlola uzama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Oparin-Haldane umsuka wokuphila emhlabeni ngo-coacervates, kodwa zonke izakhiwo okuholela zikude isakhiwo ngamangqamuzana aphilayo. Umphakathi jikelele ayiboni lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho njengobufakazi bokuthi elingenakuphikwa lokhu umsuka wokuphila. Njengoba biogenesis futhi abiogenesis - lo mbono kuze kube manje hhayi ukuqinisekisile Ucwaningo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi indlela kusuka molecule wezinto ezingaphili ukuze amangqamuzana aphilayo lwalulude, nge eziningi izimfoloko emgwaqeni izitobhi, ososayensi uhlala kuphela conjecture kanjani lokhu eyayingenza indlela. Kodwa zonke lezi imicabango akufakazeli ukuthi konke Ngilokho okwenzekako Emhlabeni izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule.

Okungenzeka ngempela Amazing

I randomness we nesenzakalo yeseli lokuphila isobho primordial ibalwa izibalo. isazi sezibalo saseBrithani Fred Hall nokusetshenziswa amakhompyutha zanamuhla uye ibalwa ematfuba kumiswa ongacabangi amoeba amaprotheni. Futhi lokhu amathuba kwaba azinakwa - 1/10 * 40000. Khumbula, lokhu kwezinye izimo ezikahle. Futhi lokhu kuholela ezinye reflection unika agumenti Abasekeli neminye futhi imiqondo ngemvelaphi eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Amazing cishe

Kodwa njengoba wazi, konke kuxhomeke embonweni womuntu. Eplanethini yethu futhi ezweni lethu - ke kuyiqiniso obungenakuphikwa. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ukuthi uzokwenza isimangaliso - ingabe ngempela nje ukuqondana kwezinto okunjalo akunakwenzeka, njengoba umsuka wokuphila ku isobho primordial.

• Uma yempilo yomuntu kungaba iminyaka engu-100 000, Siyaqiniseka (ie 100%) eziye zafa kuphahlazeka indiza.
• Amathuba ngokuwina ilotho Cool Million 1 e 5200 000. Nokho American Valerie Wilson umklomelo phezulu kabili: ngo-2002 no-2006.
• Ngo-2009 wawa izinombolo ezifanayo (4 15 23 24 35 42) lottery Bulgarian "6 41" in the circulations ezimbili umehluko izinsuku 4. Amathuba lo mcimbi 3,61 • 10 ^-14.