Kumiswa, Imfundo yesibili nezikole
Kuyini River Falls umbuso wayo? Emthambekeni nokuwela imifula ngobukhulu emhlabeni
Fall River kanye mode - iyona imingcele ukhiye kwamanzi. Abakwazi ukuthola umbono okuqukethwe amanzi, ubunjalo kanye flow rate kwamanzu. Kuyini iconsi emfuleni? Kanjani ukubala emthambekeni yayo? Yini enquma imodi ethile lomfula? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.
Hydrology kanye nesimo sendawo
emfuleni ngamunye uhlukile. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ngokwemvelo, ezimbili wamanzi, okuzoba nse. Yehluka nomunye ubude, conductivity, amakhemikhali ukwakheka umbuso amanzi, nokunye.
Imvelo nesivinini ukugeleza komfula incike sendawo lapho kuthatha indawo. Ezintabeni ungabona ezinye iziqu zemifudlana emathafeni - awafani. Intaba nokusakazwa baphathe amanzi abo ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha. Stony yabo nomfula futhi egcwele Rapids, izimpophoma. On la imifula ngokuvamile nezikhukhula zenzeka. Ezinye zazo kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele.
Emathafeni emfuleni, kunalokho, ezolile futhi kukalwa. isiteshi sabo ngokushelela ibheke futhi ngokuvamile ukujula okuqinile. I velocity ukugeleza kulokhu incane.
Fall River ukuchema - lawa izibalo, okuyinto angakwazi ukuhlonza izinhlobo isiteshi wamanzi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa mayelana nendlela ukubala kwabo, Kuzoxoxwa.
Fall River kanye emthambekeni - kuyini?
Zonke nemifula emhlabeni uvela phezulu kuya phansi, ngokuvumelana nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Esizoqala kwamanzu ukubizwa ngokuthi lwaluvelaphi, kanye wokugcina - emlonyeni. Kuyini iconsi emfuleni? Lokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi emthambekeni yayo?
Fall River - umehluko ukuphakama ngamamitha phakathi lwaluvelaphi nomlomo ukuphakama. Slope iyona ratio kwesifo kuya ubude wamanzi. Lokhu ipharamitha ungaboniswa amaphesenti, ppm, noma ama-degree ku m / km.
Ezitshekile ukusakaza ethafeni, ngokuvamile ingeqi 0.1-0.2 m / km (10-20 ppm). Intaba nemifudlana, lesi sibalo kungaba amashumi ngisho namakhulu izikhathi ephakeme. Kwamanye elula kungaba ukufinyelela amashumi amaningana amamitha ikhilomitha ngalinye. iziza Okufanayo kukhona uchungechunge asibekela nezimpophoma.
Emthambekeni wamanzi kungaba longitudinal noma transverse, uma kukhona misalignment esiteshini ovundlile.
Kanjani ukubala emthambekeni nokuwela wamanzi?
Ngakho, liyini ukuwa Phakathi kwesitaladi sawo nomfula emthambekeni yayo, siye sabona. It uhlala ukuze uthole ukuthi lezi zibalo kubalwa.
Bala iconsi futhi emthambekeni emfuleni silula. Udinga ukwazi amagugu ezintathu kuphela: ubude ingqikithi wamanzi, ukuphakama lwaluvelaphi nomlomo. Ukuzwa ukuphakama umehluko (eliphelele) phakathi zokugcina amaphuzu amabili, sithola ukubaluleka uwela. Uma umfula ugeleza khona olwandle noma ulwandle, ukuphakama ngokuphelele emlonyeni okufanele ibhekwe njengelungelo uphawu 0 amamitha. Emthambekeni emfuleni ibalwa kanje: Beka ukubaluleka yahlukaniswa yizindaba ubude ingqikithi wamanzi.
Ucabange ukuthi ubude emfuleni, "X" kuyinto 800. Umthombo waso endaweni engamamitha 1450 m, kanti umlomo - ngezithuba 650 m Fall River kunikezwa :. 1450 m - 650 m = 800 m. Kule kusobala ukuthi emthambekeni ilingana 800 m / 800 m = 1 km / km (noma 100 ppm).
umbuso Phakathi kwesitaladi sawo nomfula zezici ezinquma yayo
Ngaphansi kombuso we emfuleni baqonde yonke eziyinkimbinkimbi eshintsha esimweni saso ngenxa geography sezulu sendawo ethile. Lezi zinguquko kungenzeka nsuku zonke noma ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. emfuleni umbuso ububonisa kwezinga lokushisa, ukugeleza rate futhi ezingeni amanzi obuhlukahlukene esiteshini.
I izigaba ezintathu oyinhloko umbuso kwamanzi of imisele yamanzi zihlanganisa amafishane, amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu nezikhukhula. Flood - inkathi okwandisa okuqukethwe amanzi omfula, futhi esiphezulu ezingeni amanzi embhedeni walo. Flood - waba ukwanda okukhulu futhi ngokushesha amanzi amazinga emifuleni, kubangelwa nezimvula ezinkulu. amanzi okuphansi - lena ubuncani yamanzi yamanzi (Lesi sigaba yamanzi umbuso kuboniswa ngezansi isithombe).
Izigaba umbuso amanzi omfula (ngaphandle izikhukhula) njalo eziphindiwe isizini efanayo.
Umfula bathonywe izinto eziningi zemvelo. Eyokuqala:
- indawo okwakukhona kuyo esifundeni;
- izimo zezulu;
- ubunjalo amandla emfuleni;
- sezwe nohlaza;
- khona kwezinkathi zonyaka ekushintsheni;
- izici yabantu.
Fall nokuthambekela emifuleni ngobukhulu eMhlabeni
Ngezansi amagugu emthambekeni nokuwela emfuleni izinhlelo ngobukhulu eziyishumi kuyiplanethi yethu:
igama | Budze km | Drop ngamamitha | Bias e ppm |
Amazon | 6992 | 110 | 1.6 |
Nile | 6853 | 350 | 5.1 |
Mississippi | 6420 | 450 | 7.0 |
umfula iYangtze | 6300 | 5600 | 88,0 |
Yellow River | 5464 | 4500 | 82,0 |
ob | 5410 | 215 | 4.0 |
Yenisei | 5238 | 450 | 8.5 |
Yelena | 5100 | 1650 | 32,0 |
Cupid | 5052 | 300 | 5.9 |
Congo | 4374 | 1590 | 36.0 |
Ekuphetheni
Kuyini iconsi emfuleni? Kuyinto umehluko ukuphakama phakathi umthombo nomlomo kwamanzu ethile. Emthambekeni emfuleni iyona isilinganiso awela ubude bayo ngokuphelele. Kusukela lezi nemingcele ezimbili, kungenzeka ukuba baphethe ngokuthi imvelo kanye flow rate umfudlana ethile.
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