Ake sixoxe indlela ukunquma uhlobo hybridization

Ake sixoxe indlela ukunquma uhlobo hybridization, kanye cabanga isakhiwo weJiyomethri engqamuzaneni.

Indaba le eside

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili L. Polinglom uhlongoza umbono geometry zishintshe ngesibopho esithile covalent. Njengoba isizathu tekwakha uxhumano sathathwa ukugqagqana of electron amafu. Indlela yaziwa ngokuthi Valence izibopho. Indlela ukucacisa uhlobo hybridization ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e compounds? Umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela okuphakanyiswe acabangele ukuxuba orbitals hybrid.

definition

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukucacisa uhlobo hybridization e zezakhi, sichaza ukuthi leli gama libhekisela.

Hybridization iyona kuhlangana we orbitals electronic. Le nqubo ibizwa ephelezelwa ukusatshalaliswa amandla kuzo, ukushintsha isimo sabo. Kuye ngokuthi ingakanani uzobe elixutshwe s- p-orbitals, uhlobo hybridization kungaba nhlobonhlobo. I-organic compounds carbon kungenzeka akhona isimo sp, SP2, sp3. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ezihilela, ngaphezu SP, d-orbitals.

Imithetho ukuhlonza molecule inorganics

Hybridization kungembula samuntu ukuze compounds nge covalent chemical ngesibopho uhlobo AWP. A - eziyisisekelo athomu, B - ligand, n - nenani ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Esimweni efanayo esikhathini hybridization uzongena kuphela orbitals Valence kuyi-athomu ye main.

Izindlela sokunquma

Sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ukucacisa uhlobo hybridization. Ekuqondeni chemical ethemini kusho amandla ushintsho bobunjwa orbitals. Kukhona inqubo efanayo lokhu ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho zisetshenziselwa electron okungokwendlela izinhlobo ezahlukene isibopho kumiswa.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukucacisa uhlobo hybridization, cabangela okwenzeka engqamuzaneni methane. Lokhu kwaziswa siyilungu lokuqala chungechunge homologous of elihlale (umkhawulo) hydrocarbon. Esikhaleni ka CH4 molecule Tetrahedron. Single-carbon-athomu yakha hydrogen uxhumano amandla afanayo kanye nobude. Ukuze kwakhiwe ifu hybrid olunjalo, kunezinto ezintathu p es nokukodwa electron.

amafu lamane exubile, futhi kunezinhlobo ezine ezifanayo (hybrid) uthayiphe kokuba ukuma okungajwayelekile eziyisishiyagalombili. Sibiza lolu hlobo hybridization sp3. Zonke hydrocarbon lichaza ekwakheni okuyinto elula (owodwa) isibopho kuphela, it libhekene lolu hlobo hybridization carbon athomu. Bond engela 109 degrees imizuzu 28.

Siyaqhubeka ukukhuluma kanjani ukucacisa uhlobo hybridization. Izibonelo hydrocarbon unsaturated of ethylene uchungechunge ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi SP2-hybridization. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-molecule ye-ethylene ezine Valence electron kwetinhlavu izibopho zamakhemikhali isetshenziswa ezintathu kuphela. Labo abasele abanga-non-hybrid p-electron ingena kumiswa isibopho double.

Acetylene omele olula isigaba SpN2p-2. I engavamile alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon kuba phambi isibopho kathathu. Kulaba Valence electron ezine kuyi-athomu ye-carbon ezimbili kuphela ukushintsha ukuma namandla abo, ekubeni hybrid. Amaelectrons ezimbili ezisele iqhaza ekwakhiweni izibopho ezimbili double, ekutholeni uhlobo unsaturated alesi sigaba of organic compounds.

isiphetho

Uma ucabangela umbuzo mayelana covalent chemical isibopho izinto eziningi eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili, cabanga hybridization ka orbitals athomu. Kulokhu, kukhona umgwaqo wonke amandla azo zibheke futhi ifomu. Electronic, etholakala eduze nucleus ye-athomu eboshiwe, elinesimo iqoqo orbitals ukuthi ifa ezifanayo quantum izinombolo. Ulwazi mayelana uhlobo hybridization kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola izindawo amakhemikhali ketshezi.