Alpine ukusonga: ukwakha izici. Intaba Alpine ukusonga

Alpine ukusonga - inkathi emlandweni kumiswa ungqimba lomhlaba. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela kwakheka eliphakeme uhlelo entabeni emhlabeni - zaseHimalaya. Zinjani inkathi? Yiziphi ezinye izintaba Alpine ukusonga khona?

Egoqekayo ka ungqimba lomhlaba

Ngo yokwakheka komhlaba, igama elithi "esibayeni" nje asuka ukubaluleka yayo sokuqala. Libhekisela ingxenye uqweqwe lapho zohlobo "ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa". Ngokuvamile zohlobo kwenzeka ngongqimba ovundlile. Ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo eMhlabeni zangaphakathi isikhundla salo angase ashintshwe. Yena egoba noma onomfutho zidlulela ezindaweni ezakhelene. Lesi senzakalo njengoba ukusonga ezaziwayo.

izakhiwo eligoqiwe kuyinto engalingani. Amaphiriyodi ngokubukeka kwabo nentuthuko okuthiwa ngokuhambisana kwezinkathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke iyona Archean. Ethola iziqu ifomu namanje eminyakeni 1.6 billion edlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinqubo eziningi zangaphandle planethi yaba plain.

Ngemva Archaean khona iBaikal, Caledonian, Hercynian, Mesozoic orogeny. Kamuva kakhulu kuba inkathi Alpine ukusonga. Emlandweni kumiswa ungqimba lomhlaba ke ithatha zokugcina eziyizigidi ezingu-60 edlule. igama inkathi yaqale ezashiwo sokuma French Marcel Bertrand ngo-1886.

ukusonga Alpine: isici isikhathi

Epoch zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi ezimbili. Esikhathini sokuqala umsebenzi surface eMhlabeni livela deflections. Kancane kancane, bagcwala udaka lwentaba-mlilo inhlabathi. Ukukhulisa cortex zisezincane futhi lendawo kakhulu. Isigaba sesibili okukhulu. izinqubo ezihlukahlukene geodynamic nesandla ekwakhiweni zezintaba.

Alpine orogeny kwakhiwa iningi elikhulu lesimanje entabeni izinhlelo, eziyingxenye eMedithera eligoqiwe ibhande Pacific indandatho mlilo. Ngakho, ukusonga yakha ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu nge izintaba nezintaba-mlilo. Bayingxenye ezintabeni omncane emhlabeni nendawo ezizobekwa zezulu ezihlukahlukene futhi engamamitha.

Inkathi awukapheli, futhi izintaba ziyoqhubeka kukhiqizwa namuhla. Lokhu kufakazelwa umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye mlilo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zenhloko-Earth. esifundeni eligoqiwe akuyona eliqinile. Emikhulu yayivame ukuphazanyiswa by kude (isib, esigodini Fergana), ezinye zazo kwakheka kolwandle (Black, iCaspian, iMedithera).

Mediterranean zone

Downhill Alpine alo uhlelo ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu ibhande Alpine-zaseHimalaya welulela esiqondisweni latitudinal. Bawela cishe ngokuphelele Eurasia. Kusukela ngo-North Africa, edabula Mediterranean, Black futhi iCaspian kwezilwandle, welula yonkana zaseHimalaya eziqhingini Indonesia futhi Indochina.

Intaba Alpine ukusonga zihlanganisa Apennines, Dinara, le Carpathians, izintaba zase-Alps, aseBalkan, Atlas, eCaucasus, eBurma, Himalaya, Pamir, nokunye. D. Bonke zihlukaniswa isimo sabo futhi ukuphakama. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kweziNtaba ZaseCarpathos - okusezingeni eliphezulu amaphakathi, abe ukuma bushelelezi. Basuke ezembethe amahlathi, ohlanzekile nohlaza sub-alpine. izintaba YaseCrimea, ngokuphambene, ngacaca namatshe. Khangela, basibekele ezingaphezu kuka ukuthenga asemaqeleni kanye asemaqeleni kwezimila.

The esiphezulu entabeni uhla - zaseHimalaya. Ziyakwazi ngaphakathi emazweni angu-7, kuhlanganise Tibet. Mount welulela 2 400 amakhilomitha ubude, futhi ukuphakama yabo silinganiselwa 6 amakhilomitha. Iphuzu esiphezulu i-Mount Everest nge ekuphakameni 8848 amakhilomitha.

indandatho Pacific lomlilo

ukusonga Alpine nokuhlobanisa ne kumiswa Pacific umlilo indandatho. Kuhlanganisa emikhulu futhi ayimigodi ukuthi kukhona eduze kubo. Esisogwini wentaba-mlilo yase-Pacific Ring ipherimitha.

Ihlanganisa eKamchatka, Kuril futhi Japanese Islands, i-Philippines, I-Antarctica, eNew Zealand nase-Papua New Guinea ogwini olusentshonalanga. Ogwini olusempumalanga ye-ocean, sifaka Andes Cordillera, le Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands futhi idlanzana leziqhingi Tierra del Fuego.

Igama elithi "indandatho lomlilo", le ndawo uye wathola sibonga yokuthi kukhona iningi mlilo kule planethi. Cishe 330 kulo bayizinkulungwane asebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho nokuqhuma ngaphakathi Pacific ibhande kwenzeka inombolo enkulu yokuzamazama komhlaba.

Ingxenye indandatho yinde kunazo entabeni uhlelo planethi - zeCordillera. Bewela emazweni 10 emazweni aseMelika. Ubude zokhahlamba kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 18 amakhilomitha.