Amafutha Russian kanye negesi Imboni

Okokhelekayo imithombo ukunikeza amandla hhayi kuphela yonke umkhakha kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni, kodwa cishe yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu uphethiloli namandla eyinkimbinkimbi ERussia kukhona uwoyela negesi wemboni.

Amafutha kanye negesi umkhakha - igama ejwayelekile of the complex yezimboni ukukhiqizwa, ezokuthutha, ukucutshungulwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa imikhiqizo yokugcina uwoyela negesi ukucubungula. Lokhu omunye imikhakha esiqine kunazo Russian Federation, ngeemveke isabelomali kanye ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa yezwe, ukuhlinzeka ezimakethe zangaphandle kanye nokugcina kazwelonke lwemali izinga.

Umlando yentuthuko

Ukuqala ukwakheka uwoyela okusendimeni emkhakheni wezimboni ubhekwa 1859, lapho i-United States ngokuba amafutha imishini mechanical yaqale esetshenziswa. Manje, uwoyela cishe yonke ongahluziwe ezivezwa imithombo kuphela umehluko zokukhiqiza kahle. ERussia, isizinda uwoyela emithonjeni yamba kwaqala ngo-1864 e-Kuban. ukukhiqizwa Kwemali ngaleso sikhathi kwaba amathani 190 ngosuku. Ukuze andise inzuzo alalelwa kakhulu isizinda imishini, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 Russia wahola ekuhleleni nasekukhuthazeni ukubekwa umkhiqizo kawoyela.

Lezi zindawo okokuqala eyinhloko uwoyela isizinda kwakungamadodana North eCaucasus ku Russia Soviet (Maikop, Grozny) kanye Baku (Azerbaijan). Lezi zikhala amadala bawuphundle awahlangabezananga izidingo umkhakha asathuthuka, futhi imizamo ebalulekile lwenziwe ekuvuleni amasimu amasha. Ngenxa yalokho, bafakwa operation Amasimu ambalwa e-Asia Ephakathi, Bashkortostan, Perm kanye Kuibyshev esifundeni, okubizwa ngokuthi base iVolga-Ural yasungulwa.

Umthamo uwoyela ekhiqizwa safinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-31. Esikhathini 60s inani ekhishwe igolide black sekuphenduke engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-148, zazo 71% ewela esifundeni iVolga-Ural. Eminyakeni 70 siye itholakele futhi wasungula idiphozithi yanoma umcengezi West laseSiberia. semali igesi atholakele C uwoyela ukuhlola.

Inani uwoyela negesi umkhakha umnotho Russia

Amafutha kanye umkhakha igesi nomthelela emnothweni Russian. Okwamanje, isisekelo ukwakheka isabelomali kanye nokusebenza nezinye imikhakha eminingi yomnotho. Izindleko lwemali kazwelonke incike amanani kawoyela emhlabeni. Misela eRussia, carbon amandla lokuhlangana ngokugcwele zakuleli ukuba uqedwe, ukunikeza amandla ukuphepha yezwe futhi wenze umnikelo obalulekile amandla emhlabeni kanye eluhlaza izinto umnotho.

I Russian Federation has ezinkulukazi hydrocarbon ezingaba khona. uwoyela negesi umkhakha Russian ingenye ehamba phambili emhlabeni, ihlangabezana ngokugcwele zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo funa yangaphakathi Uwoyela igesi yemvelo kanye nemikhiqizo elicwengiwe. A esibalulekile hydrocarbon izinsiza kanye nemikhiqizo yabo akhishwa, ukuhlinzeka replenishment lwemali izinqolobane. Russian ithatha umthamo ngobukhulu okusamanzi hydrocarbon izinqolobane kusukela-10% share. Imithombo kawoyela ziye uhlole futhi ithuthukiswe ekujuleni 35 izifunda Russian.

Amafutha kanye negesi Imboni: Sakhiwo

Kukhona izinqubo eziningana kwesakhiwo eziyisisekelo lapho uwoyela negesi umkhakha: umkhakha ngoba isizinda uwoyela negesi zokuthutha nokucutshungulwa.

• ukukhiqizwa Hydrocarbon - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganise ukuhlola, ukubhola, ukukhiqiza futhi ngokuqondile yokwelapha eyinhloko yamanzi, nesibabule nezinye amanyela. Isizinda kanye ukudonsa uwoyela negesi ukuze engeyokuqala wahlanganyela inkampani inzuzo kwezimali noma amayunithi kwesakhiwo, lapho ingqalasizinda kuhlanganisa booster futha spray iziteshi, ukudedelwa amanzi namafutha.
• Ezokuthutha uwoyela negesi ekukhicitweni amasayithi ezimali amayunithi, ukuze zonke izilimi futhi umthengi oyinhloko eyenziwa esebenzisa iphayiphi, amanzi, imigwaqo emikhulu nojantshi bezitimela ezokuthutha. Namapayipi (ukudoba kanye isiqu) kukhona indlela ukonga kakhulu ukuthutha hydrocarbon, nakuba ukufaka eqolo kanye nokugcinwa. Pipeline ezokuthutha uwoyela negesi hambisa olude, kuhlanganise ahlukahlukene. Ethutha nemifula usebenzisa emathangini avuzayo kanye izikebhe ne ukuhamba afika ku 320 ayizinkulungwane. Amathani lwenziwa elide nezokuxhumana. izimoto Rail kanti inzuzo ingaphinda isetshenziswe ngoba ongahluziwe zokuthutha uwoyela olude, kodwa izindleko kakhulu ngempumelelo izindlela zokuhamba esifushane.
• Ukucubungula eluhlaza hydrocarbon amandla aphuma ukuthola izinhlobo ezahlukene imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Okokuqala, zingabantu izinhlobo ezahlukene amafutha kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa for eminye chemical ukucubungula. Inqubo wenziwa ngesikhathi izitshalo uwoyela zenkampane. I processing yokugcina imikhiqizo, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezahlukene. Yokugcina yokukhiqiza sinyathelo etholwe ngokuxuba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ukuze bathole indlela yokwakheka oyifunayo elihambisana ethile brand komkhiqizo petroleum.

RF ensimini

uwoyela Russian futhi umkhakha igesi kuhlanganisa 2352 oilfields asethuthukile. uwoyela negesi esifundeni ngobukhulu Russia sika Western eSiberia ebangela 60% kuzona zonke ekhishwe igolide elimnyama. Okunengi uwoyela negesi ikhiqizwa KhantyMansiysk futhi Yamalo endaweni ezizimele. Umthamo ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo kwezinye izifunda of the Russian Federation:

• isizinda iVolga-Ural - 22%.
• Eastern eSiberia - 12%.
• Northern imali - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

Lokubiza Western eSiberia ngo igesi yemvelo ifinyelela cishe 90%. Imali enkulu (mayelana 10 isigidintathu cubic metres) basesimweni Urengoy ensimini kule Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Umthamo ukukhiqizwa gas kwezinye izifunda of the Russian Federation:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• IVolga-Ural idiphozi - 3.5%.
• Yakutia naseMpumalanga eSiberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

Ukucubungula uwoyela negesi

Umsebenzi lokucubungula ukuguqula uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi e ezidayiswayo. imikhiqizo kaphethiloli zihlanganisa uwoyela fuel, uphethiloli izimoto, jet fuel, u-diesel. Inqubo kuhlanganisa yokucwenga ziphuzo zazihluzwa, cleaner ziphuzo zazihluzwa, okhanda amanye amathuba kokushintsha, ngokuhlaziya, alkylation, isomerization futhi hydrotreating.

ukucutshungulwa igesi yemvelo kuhlanganisa kokucindezelwa-Amine zokuhlanjululwa, omiswe glycolic. Inqubo zihlukaniswa kuhilela ukwehlukana kuncibilike igesi yemvelo ekusakazweni ku ephambili yayo izingxenye: ethane-propane, i-butane, isobutane nophethiloli zemvelo.

Izinkampani esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia

Ekuqaleni, zonke uwoyela negesi Amasimu ngobukhulu zenzelwe ngokukhethekile isimo. Kuze kube manje, lezi zakhiwo iyatholakala ukuba isetshenziswe yizinkampani ezizimele. uwoyela obuphelele futhi umkhakha igesi eRussia has izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-15 izimayini ezinkulu, kuhlanganise owaziwa "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

Yezinkampani ezinkulu Russian emkhakheni ukukhiqizwa gas nokucubungula kukhona "Gazprom" futhi "Novatek". Esikhathini umkhakha petroleum ehola isikhundla emakethe ye "Rosneft", njengoba izinkampani okuholela kukhona "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" futhi "Surgutneftegaz".

Amafutha kanye negesi umkhakha: Ukubuyekeza isimo emhlabeni

Ngenani sikawoyela bokuthi lo Russian Federation zibalwa lesithupha emhlabeni. izinqolobane afakazelwe yilezo ungase uthole ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Oholela isikhundla emhlabeni uthatha Venezuela. Inani sikawoyela kuleli zwe - imiphongolo 298 billion. Kungase kutholakale igesi yemvelo reserves elaseRussia 47,6 isigidintathu cubic metres. Kuyinto uhlu lokuqala emhlabeni futhi 32% wezindleko emhlabeni. Eyesibili igesi umphakeli emhlabeni kukhona eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Amafutha kanye negesi umkhakha emhlabeni kusivumela ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo ezibalulekile. Lapho isimo esikahle sokuxoxa ku izwe izimakethe amandla, abahlinzeki abaningi uwoyela negesi ngezithukuthuku amaholo avela nokuthengiswa lwenteke ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu emnothweni kazwelonke, khombisa ezehlukile ukukhula Dynamics. Izibonelo ezivelele kunazo kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento amazwe eNingizimu-West Asia, kanye Norway, okuyinto ongaphakeme ekutfutfukisweni kwetimboni, sibonga zigcine hydrocarbon, isibe omunye Emazweni achumayo kakhulu eYurophu.

amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

uwoyela Russian futhi umkhakha igesi incike ukuziphatha izimbangi emakethe eyinhloko for the isizinda: Saudi Arabia ne-United States. Ngokwaso lonke inani hydrocarbon ekhishwe alicacisi amanani jikelele. Inkomba evelele iphesenti isizinda emandleni olulodwa uwoyela. Izindleko zokukhiqiza 1 emgqonyeni emazweni angefani-abaholi zokukhiqiza siyahluka kakhulu: the aphansi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ephakeme kunazo zonke e-United States. Lapho ukungalingani ivolumu amanani kawoyela Ungashintsha kwelinye noma ngenye indlela.