AmaJuda Intaba: umlando, abantu, namasiko. abantu Caucasian

Phakathi inzalo amaningana ukhokho waseBhayibhelini Abrahama namadodana akhe, u-Isaka noJakobe uhlobo olukhethekile iqembu sub-yobuhlanga lamaJuda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wazinza esifundeni eCaucasus wabiza amaJuda Intaba. Ukugcina igama layo zomlando, manje ishiywe ikakhulukazi endaweni yakhe yokuhlala wangaphambili, ukuyohlala Israyeli, America, eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseRussia.

Replenishment izizwe eCaucasus

Ukubukeka zokuqala izizwe yamaJuda, phakathi kwezizwe wabacwaningi eCaucasus ubheke ezimbili ezibalulekile emlandweni-Israyeli nezikhathi - ekuthunjweni-Asiriya (VIII ekhulwini BC ..) Futhi aseBabiloni ezenzeka ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Ukuze abalekele izinkinga ukuba ibe ingqongqo phezu akunakugwenywa, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka izizwe zakwa-Simeon - enye yamadodana eziyishumi nambili zakwa-ukhokho waseBhayibhelini uJakobe - nomfowabo uManase ixazululwe lokuqala ensimini ka Dagestan ne-Azerbaijan, futhi ukusuka lapho zasakazekela eCaucasus.

Kakade owawubhalwe ngaso zomlando kamuva (BC. E. cishe V leminyaka) Intaba amaJuda uye wakwenza ivela eCaucasus WasePheresiya. Isizathu basishiya esifundeni lokuqala owakhiwe, nazo hhayi-ophela izimpi ukunqotshwa.

Ngomqondo abavela kwamanye amazwe alethwe uhlobo olusha ikhaya elisetshenziswa amaJuda Tat, libhekisela omunye legatsha amaqembu ezilimi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Jewish-Iranian. Akumele, nokho, kudidaniswe Georgian amaJuda entabeni. Lapho commonality emkhatsini izinkolo, kunomehluko obalulekile ngolimi namasiko.

Jewish Khazar Khanate

Lokho amaJuda Intaba baye ezifakelwa UbuJuda ku Khazar Khaganate - a uthi enamandla ephakathi, ukulawula indawo kusukela Ciscaucasia ukuba Dnieper, kuhlanganise Lower futhi Ephakathi iVolga esifundeni, ingxenye eCrimea asemaqeleni izifunda eziseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngaphansi kwethonya Orabi, amalungelo kwababaleki elite zezombusazwe we Khazars e iningi yokutholwa umthetho uMprofethi uMose.

Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni kakhulu kwaqinisa ngenxa umthamo uxhumano zezizwe nenkani zendawo ukuhweba kanye nobudlelwane kwezomnotho, okuyinto babengamaJuda kakhulu ocebile Ubani oxhumana kuwo. It ke Kwatholakala ukuthi kuye eziningi abantu Eastern Slavic.

Indima amaJuda Khazar emzabalazweni abanqobi Arab

AmaJuda Intaba Khazars kwadingeka usizo olukhulu ekulweni ukunwetshwa Arab ekhulwini VIII. Siyabonga kubo, wakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu insimu ethunjwa ojenene Abu Muslim Marwan, umlilo futhi inkemba ukuba azixoshe le Khazars phezu iVolga, njengoba isibalo sabantu kanye ngenkani Islamized ezindaweni matasa kuwo.

ngokuphumelela kwakhe kwezempi-Arabhu kuphela aphoqelelwe ukuba yemibango yangaphakathi kwavela phakathi kwababusi Khanate. Njengoba kuvamisile emlandweni, ke zonakale kakhulu ekukhanukelaneni kwabo ngokweqile ukuba namandla futhi isifiso sokuvelela. amarekhodi isikhathi kulandzisa lokulula ngesandla, isibonelo, mayelana esempini Kwagqashuka phakathi abasekeli uChief Rabbi Yitzhak Kundishkana nabadumile Khazar Umkhuzi Samsama. Ngaphandle kokungqubuzana evulekile, owabangela umonakalo ngokuthi zombili, ngokuhamba babe evamile ezimweni ezinjalo, reception - ukufumbathisa, ukunyundela enkantolo acebe izingobe.

Ukuphela Khazar Khanate wangena 965 lapho Russian isikhulu Svyatoslav, ngubani wakwazi ukunqoba phezu Georgians, Pechenegs, kanye Khorezm futhi wayiyisa eByzantium, wawahlula Khazars. Ngaphansi shot sakhe hit amaJuda Intaba e Dagestan, njengoba isikwati athumba isikhulu edolobheni Samandar.

Phakathi amaMongol ahlasele

Kodwa ngolimi lwesiHebheru namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kwakuzwakala phezu ezivulekile of Dagestan futhi Chechnya, ngesikhathi 1223 amaMongol eholwa Batu Khan, futhi 1396 - Tamerlane, hhayi bababhubhise bonke abaHlakazekile abangamaJuda. Labo abasinda lezi ayehlasela esabekayo, zaphoqeleka ukuba ukuguqukela Islam ziwushiye phakade ulimi wawoyise.

Okugcwele drama nomlando amaJuda Intaba ophilayo ensimini ka enyakatho-Azerbaijan. Ngo 1741, behlaselwa ngamasosha Arab eholwa Nadir Shah. It akazange abe ebulalayo ukuze isizwe sisonke, kodwa njengoba yimuphi ayehlasela abahlaseli kubangele ukuhlupheka okungenakulinganiswa.

Pheqela waba sihlangu emphakathini wamaJuda

Lezi zenzakalo njengoba kubonakala kula temdzabu. Kuze kube namuhla, yalondolozwa legend of kanjani iNkosi uqobo wamelela abantu baKhe abakhethiwe. Indaba uya ukuthi ngolunye usuku, Nadir Shah bagqekeza omunye emasinagogeni ngesikhathi sokufunda Torah ongcwele futhi waphoqelela amaJuda samanje ukuba balahle ukholo lwabo futhi ukuguqula Islam.

Izindlebe ungaphumeleli, yena wavuleka inkemba yakhe lakhipha urabi. Yena ngokomzwelo wemvelo ephakanyiswe ngenhla kwekhanda Torah umqulu - futhi ukulwa steel wanamathela khona, abakwazi usike isikhumba ubudala. yokwesaba Elikhulu lawa umhlambalazi, yaphakamisela isandla sayo shrine. Yena ngokuhlazisayo wabaleka futhi bayalwa ukuba siqhubeke aqede nokushushiswa kwezinceku amaJuda.

Iminyaka yokunqotshwa of eCaucasus

Zonke amaJuda eCaucasus nentaba kuhlanganise, balahlekelwa ezingenakubalwa ngesikhathi somzabalazo nge Shamil (1834-1859 GG.), Ukuze afeze Islamization ngempoqo ezindaweni ezinkulu. On isibonelo izenzakalo eziye zenzeka esigodini ezintabeni zase-Andes, lapho iningi izakhamizi uncamela ukufa ukwenqaba UbuJuda, ungenza umqondo jikelele idrama idlalwa ngaphandle ke.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi amalungu amaningi omphakathi lamaJuda Intaba chithi saka eCaucasus, babehilelekile ukonakaliswa, ukuhweba kanye yezandla ahlukahlukene. Ngokuphelele ukwazi ulimi namasiko bezizwe ezaziwazungezile, futhi sizilingise izingubo kanye ekhishini, kusafanele akazange sokwetshisa nabo, kodwa ngokunamathela UbuJuda, ukuze silondoloze ubunye kazwelonke.

Kuxhumana yokuxhuma kubo, noma, njengoba manje wesiko ukusho "iphepha isiqeshana engokomoya," futhi lokho kwaholela umzabalazo kungaqedwa Shamil. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi waphoqeleka ukuba athambise isandla, njengoba impi yakhe, ngokuba njalo e impi ibambene ngezihluthu lwamabutho ibutho Russian wayedinga usizo abelaphi onekhono amaJuda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba amaJuda enikeziwe amasosha ngokudla nangokwenama zonke izinto ezidingekayo.

Njengoba sazi kusukela zemihla ngemihla sikhathi, amabutho Russian wasithatha eCaucasus, ukuze amise khona uhulumeni, musa bacindezele amaJuda, kodwa futhi akazange nikeza them cishe akukho usizo. Uma bobabili waphenduka lokuyala zicelo, thina wabe esehlangana, njengoba umthetho, ngabandayo sinqatshelwe.

Ngo isevisi Russian Tsar

Nokho, ngo-1851, induna Prince A. I. Boryatinsky wanquma ukusebenzisa amaJuda Intaba emzabalazweni nge Shamil esimisiwe futhi wadala kuzo yilezi inethiwekhi ramified kabanzi amanxusa, ukuphakela kuye ngolwazi mayelana nezindawo ukuthunyelwa kanye nokunyakaza amabutho esitha. Kuleli qhaza lethu, bafaka ngokuphelele zamanga futhi ekhohlakele Dagestan izinhloli.

Ngokusho Russian abasebenzi abaphathi, izici eziyinhloko amaJuda Intaba babe nesibindi, ukuzibamba, njengoba singahambi ngobuqili, ngokuqapha kanye nekhono ukubamba isitha lingaqaphile. Ngenxa yalezi izakhiwo, kusukela 1853 mabutho, owalwa eCaucasus, kwanqunywa ukuba bezintaba-Jewish ayisithupha hhayi ngaphansi kuka kanye nokuhamba inombolo lafinyelela abantu ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ekhokha intela kwabase-ubuqhawe Lentaba amaJuda baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekunqotshweni eCaucasus, ngemva kwempi, bona babengalikhokhi ukukhokha izintela isikhathi engamashumi amabili, futhi zathola ilungelo lokuzikhethela sebehamba ngokukhululeka besuka ezweni lonke elakwa-Russia.

Ubunzima kulwiwa

Kunzima kakhulu lawa kwakungamadodana neminyaka kulwiwa. Akhuthale futhi engumthengisi, amaJuda Intaba ikakhulukazi kulahlwa engenayo ngokuthi ukuntengantenga nokwephula umthetho ezulwini nasemhlabeni imvelo wabenza yimpango efiselekayo abaphangi ababehlomile. Ngakho, emuva ngo-1917, ingqikithi imiphakathi baphanga abahlala Grozny futhi Khasavyurt, esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, zabulawa ezehlela amaJuda Nalchik.

AmaJuda amanengi Intaba kwabulawa belwa izigcwelegcwele, lapho walwa side by side namanxusa ezinye izizwe Caucasian. Ngokudabukisayo uyakhumbula, isibonelo, izenzakalo ka-1918, lapho, kanye Daghestanians ababenakho alwisane squads kuhlasela Ataman Serebryakov - omunye abangane abakhulu Jikelele Kornilov. Ngesikhathi impi isikhathi eside futhi abanolaka, abaningi babo babulawa, no-kwalabo 'ababenolwazi ithuba lokusinda, kanye nemikhaya yabo kuze kube phakade kwesokunxele eCaucasus ukuthuthela Russia.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, amagama amaJuda Intaba okukhulunywa ngayo ngokuphindaphindiwe emiBhalweni phakathi namaqhawe ahlonishwe ephezulu isimo imiklomelo. Isizathu salokho wakhonza isibindi wawo wokuzidela futhi ubuqhawe ekulweni nesitha. Labo ababenze zaphumela ezindaweni matasa, iningi labo baba izisulu yamaNazi. Emlandweni Kwesizwe kwafika inhlekelele ngo-1942 edolobhaneni Bogdanovka Smolensk esifundeni, lapho amaJalimane mass ukubulawa amaJuda lamiswa, iningi lawo elivela eCaucasus.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nenani labantu, isiko kanye nelulwimi

Okwamanje, inani eliphelele amaJuda Intaba abantu ikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nezinkulungwane. Kulawa, ngokuvumelana idatha yakamuva, ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu bukhoma kwa-Israyeli, izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili namakhulu - eRussia, okuningi e-US, kanye nabo bonke abanye Kwasakazwa phakathi amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Inani elincane kubo futhi e-Azerbaijan.

Intaba amaJuda olimini lokuqala cishe kuzo ukusetshenziswa, wakhala ezilimini abantu ezishumayela kubo yokuphila namuhla. Inani isiko kazwelonke wawulokhu. Kuyinto ingxube kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi namasiko obuJuda futhi Caucasian.

Umthelela on the isiko lamaJuda bezinye izizwe of eCaucasus

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, nomaphi lapho noma kwadingeka ukuba axazulule, basheshe waqala ukufana izakhamuzi zendawo, ukwamukela imikhuba yabo, ngendlela yokugqoka ngisho ekhishini, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi baqhubeka ngokwethembeka inkolo yabo. Lokho UbuJuda uye wavumela zonke kwamaJuda, Intaba, kuhlanganise, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka ukuba ahlale isizwe esisodwa.

Futhi ukwenza kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngisho nanamuhla, eCaucasus, kuhlanganise nezingxenye zayo wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi kukhona amaqembu ezinhlanga engaba ngamashumi ayisithupha nambili. Ngokuqondene Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, inombolo yabo lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho. Kukholakala ukuthi, phakathi kwezinye izizwe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu isiko (hhayi inkolo) lamaJuda Intaba kwadingeka Abkhazians, Avars, ama-Ossetic omdabu, Dagestani futhi Chechens.

Amagama amaJuda Intaba

Namuhla, kanye nabo bonke abafowabo ngokholo umnikelo omkhulu empucukweni yomhlaba futhi umnotho futhi wenza namaJuda Intaba. Amagama amaqoqo amaningi wabo baziwa hhayi kuphela kumazwe bahlalaphi, kodwa futhi nangale. Ngokwesibonelo, owaziwa umnikazi abramov Rafael Yakovlevich nendodana yakhe - usomabhizinisi oqavile Ian Rafaelevich, umbhali Israeli kanye sibalo etemibhalo Eldar Gurshumov, umqophi wemifanekiso, nombhali lesikhumbuzo kuya Soldier elingaziwa lenceku ezibiyele udonga Juno Ruvimovich, nabanye abaningi.

Kepha umsuka amagama amaJuda Intaba, abaningi babo bavele ngempela sekwephuzile - engxenyeni yesibili noma ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, lapho eCaucasus wagcina lebhalwe uMbuso Russian. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, uthi phakathi kwamaJuda Intaba, ziye zasetshenziswa cha, ngamunye wabo iphathwa kahle kuphela ngegama lalo.

Lapho esevile izakhamuzi zaseRussia, ngamunye wathola dokhumenti lapho olusemthethweni waphoqeleka ukuba babanike lelo gama. Njengomthetho, igama likayise u ngokungeza isiphetho Russian "s" noma owesifazane "Peninsula". Ngokwesibonelo: Ashurov - indodana Ashur, noma Shaulova - indodakazi kaSawule. Nokho, kuwo wonke umuntu. ngu nje indlela, kwakheka iningi amagama Russian: Ivanov - indodana Ivan Petrov - indodakazi uPetru, nokunye.

Metropolitan Life amaJuda Intaba

Umphakathi lamaJuda Intaba eMoscow iyona enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia futhi ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi,, abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu. Abokufika yokuqala evela eCaucasus wafika lapha ngisho nangaphambi inguquko. Kwakuwusuku ocebile yomthengisi imindeni kanye Khanukaev Dadashov, wathola ilungelo ukuhweba khulula. Izizukulwane zabo zathola baphile lapha namuhla.

ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba yamaJuda Intaba enhloko-dolobha ukubonwa esikhathini lokubola wase-USSR. Ezinye zazo wake Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe, futhi labo akafunanga ngokuphelele ukushintsha indlela yokuphila, ayethanda ukuhlala enhlokodolobha. Namuhla, umphakathi wabo has abashisekeli ukuthi ukusekela esinagogeni hhayi kuphela eMoscow kodwa futhi kwamanye amadolobha. Engingakusho nje ukuthi, ngokombiko kamagazini i-Forbes, phakathi abantu abayikhulu abacebe kunabo bonke e-Russia, lamaJuda amane entabeni abahlala inhlokodolobha okukhulunywa.