Amakhowe shlyapochnye. Indlela ukuze adle amanita?

Njengoba izwe ahlukahlukene isikhunta, lezi zidalwa bemvelo, wanika izakhiwo ezithile nezimila, nezilwane! Akunjalo kudala ngo-1970, ososayensi baye baphawula nabo indawo ekhethekile (ekuqaleni, amakhowe abaningi zibalwa njengoba izitshalo). Isayensi echaza impilo kwezinhlobo ezahlukene isikhunta, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi mycology (wezitshalo).

umbuso omkhulu

Usuvele uyakwazi ukuthi akuyona kuphela ezimhlophe, boletus, ibhotela amakhowe, amakhowe nezinye isikhunta shlyapochnye esikuyo sihlangane emahlathini, lokuqoqa kubo ukupheka. Futhi hhayi nje kuphela lezo amakhowe futhi oyster amakhowe ukuthi ichashazi emashalofini nezitolo ezinkulu. Umbuso isikhunta - iqembu elikhulu eziphilayo iplanethi enguMhlaba, kusukela elula futhi engabonakali ngeso lenyama ukuze uhala-porcini imidondoshiya esingabalekela kuyo, Ungathi inganekwane, izilwane ezincane nezinambuzane. Futhi amanita - encane kuphela, kodwa ngokuqinisekile i ingxenye ebalulekile emphakathini omningi. Mayelana nabo okuthile futhi saxoxa namuhla.

izici Jikelele

Lezi zihlanganisa wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke amakhowe abadumile zasendle: ezimhlophe futhi e-aspen, boletus amakhowe, russula futhi amanita, amakhowe kanye amakhowe nabanye abaningi. Zikhula emahlathini - lezihlahla kanye coniferous, emaxhaphozini, izimfunda, eduze kwamanzi. Futhi kuzo ingatholakala amapaki kanye izingadi zomphakathi, namasimu ezithelo. It yakhiwa abanye ngalezi zindaba bezizwe zomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwabo ikakhulu ukudla, njengoba eziningi zalezi zidalwa bemvelo ezidliwayo futhi ewusizo abantu.

Amakhowe nabantu

amanita umdlalo abantu ophila indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Kwasekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zasendulo, kuba omunye wemithombo ukudla. I amakhowe eziningi amaprotheni, amaminerali namavithamini amaningi, ebavumela ukuba luthathe liyindawo efanelekayo obuntu eziwukudla, futhi ngesikhathi samanje. shlyapochnye isikhunta ingalungiswa ezihlukahlukene izinqubo Culinary. Futhi ingxenye yabo ezweni ekhishini umkhuba phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene Zomhlaba, kunamakhulu sokudla okwehla esiphundu.

Symbiosis

Lokubaluleke kakhulu ayisikhunta shlyapochnye nezitshalo ephakeme. Iningi lazo - saprotrophs futhi siphile kuphela ngokuhlangana ne-izihlahla (endleleni, ke kubonakala kwezinye izihloko: boletus, boletus, isibonelo). Indlela ukuze adle shlyapochnye amakhowe? I mycelium is uvalwe nilimaza emhlabeni izipanji impande, enza umsebenzi yokuqala impande izinwele, sandla ukulethwa egcwele umgqomo saturation izakhi, amaminerali kanye namanzi. A amakhowe emthini shlyapochnye okulungiselelwe engokwemvelo ngomumo, futhi lapho kusingathwa ibe izakhi wezinto ezingaphili, okuyinto senze njengoba amandla izitshalo ephakeme. Ngakho, sinezimfanelo Symbiosis of izinhlobo eziningana nokubambisana letihlomulisa, ngokuthi mycorrhiza.

fruiting umzimba

Empeleni, lokho esikubiza ngokuthi a amakhowe iyona kuphela ingxenye wonke umzimba, izithelo umzimba wayo. Enye (futhi main) okuyingxenye - mycelium - kufihliwe kusuka ekubukeni emhlabeni, humus-ocebile, noma ibunga. Iningi lezinhlobo isikhunta mycelium, le mycelium yakhiwa hyphae eziningi. Kulaba bafundi, abanye bahlala ezimweni ezinyantisa evumayo (imvula, isimo sezulu efudumele) futhi ifomu fruiting imizimba isikhunta pileate, aphume aye e kwengaphandle. Babevame aqukethe ofeleba neziqu (kodwa kukhona monovarianty: isigqoko kuphela).

Ijabulise futhi ipuleti

Cishe vele ukuthi shlyapochnye amakhowe emvelweni? Basuke selihlukene laba ijabulise futhi ipuleti. Esikhathini sokuqala - mpikiswano, senzelwe esiphelweni, zingase zimiswe e emincane tubules cap kokuba simise ijabulise. In the yesibili - nezingxabano asezindaweni amapuleti cap.

iphinifa

izigqoko zabo kunalokho esinamanzi, ngezinye izikhathi nokunwebeka, obunesikhumba futhi ezinolwebu. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke: russula, volnushki, amakhowe, amakhowe, amakhowe, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi blewits. Syroezhek wedwa, kukhona abangaba ngu-300 zinhlobo! Abaningi babo ezidliwayo kanye ngokwesiko livele ukudla komuntu e usawoti, abilisiwe, okuthosiwe. Abanye basanda kuhlanganyela ukunambitheka ngempela okunoshukela ukuthi ubalekela ngu sifakwe emanzini futhi ukubila. Itholiwe ekhethekile udumo amakhowe, nalo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, eziningi zazo - adliwayo. Amakhowe futhi ezihlobene amakhowe lamellar ngokuvamile zikhule ngokwemvelo emhlabeni futhi umquba izimfunda kanye namadlelo. Ngokuvamile yakha isiphetho isiyingi, okuyinto edume ngokuthi "umthakathi indandatho".

ijabulise

Nabo imvelo, kukhona okuncane esingaphansi 250 zilwane. Bona kwenzeke kulo lonke ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele lamazwe ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni. Ingabe umcamelo-hat, round futhi esinamanzi. Isendlalelo ijabulise cap is impela nje ehlutshiwe off. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abaningi ijabulise beze Symbiosis nge izitshalo ephakeme - izihlahla zohlobo oluthile. Cishe zonke ijabulise ezidliwayo. I aziwayo kakhulu: ezimhlophe, e-aspen, boletus, Mokhovikov, boletus. Ezinye amashubhu aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo futhi imithi elwa namagciwane ukuthi bangambulala Amagciwane.

ukutshalwa yokufakelwa

Ngokuya ukutshala ukutshala yokufakelwa amakhowe: kwabaningi kubonakala ukuthi ijabulise malovozmozhnym. Njengoba nje khona Symbiosis izihlahla ezithile. Ngakho, yokuzalanisa, isibonelo, birch amakhowe ngendlela yezomnotho azodinga umhlaba Birchwood lonke. Kodwa ukutshala ezinye ipuleti akuyona kuphela kungenzeka, kodwa futhi iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo abantu emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ngakho, isipiliyoni yokuzalanisa abantu mushroom has kuze iminyaka 300. Futhi manje oyster ethandwa esekhulile engaphansi ezimanzi, kwaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu.

polypore

Polypore - amanita-amagciwane infests izihlahla futhi enamandla okubhubhisa ugodo yabo. izimo eyaziwayo Tinder, nesisindo 10 amakhilogramu. Zivame esisogwini iziqu esihlahleni. Futhi ngemva kokufa Tinder isihlahla isikhathi eside, ungaqhubeka ukuphila, kokulahla ukhuni zidla ezihlaba abolile lesihlahla.

amanita ezinesihlungu

basengozini enkulu ngokukhethekile ukuze abantu ababona amanita ezinesihlungu, okungase kubangele ushevu ezinzima. Kulawa, ezinobuthi kakhulu kubhekwa toadstool okhanyayo. Uma akudle (kwenze ashiselwe ngaphambili), kungaholela ekufeni.

Muhomori, amakhowe zamanga, cholic kanye amakhowe satanical futhi ingozi abantu. Kunoma yikuphi abakwazi udliwe. Njengomthetho, lezi amakhowe ezidliwayo futhi kabili, efanayo ngokubukeka. Lokhu okunye kuthuthukisa ingozi ukukha amakhowe. Futhi ngaphambi uya umsebenzi wokufuna mushroom, kumelwe ufunde ukuze siwuqonde ngokucacile izinhlobo amakhowe, hhayi ukuba abe isisulu ukudla okunobuthi. Ezinye shlyapochnye - kunemibandela ezidliwayo. Lezi zihlanganisa: svinushki, morels nemigqa. Kulezi izinto eziyingozi ziyasuswa by abilayo okuphindaphindiwe namanzi exchange. Kumelwe futhi sikhumbule imfundamakhwela amakhowe pickers, abanye amakhowe, ngisho kubhekwe ezidliwayo, kungaba enobuthi uma eqoqwe ngakulo jantshi noma umgwaqo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-isikhunta bamunca izinto eziyingozi ethakwa ngu amakhanda nezimoto. Ngakho, kwenzekani amakhowe, kungcono kokubuka okwengeziwe engena ehlathini ngamahhashi.

Okuqukethwe kulesi sihloko ingasetshenziswa biology yisifundo sokuthi "amanita" (Libanga 5).