Izinhlobo inkumbulo. Main inkumbulo umsebenzi

Njengoba wazi, zonke isipiliyoni, ukunyakaza noma umbono ngandlela-thile kwakha trace ukuthi ingagcinwa isikhathi eside kakhulu isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kungase kuvele futhi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela babe isihloko ukwazi. Kuyini inkumbulo? Izinhlobo, imisebenzi, futhi impahla yayo eyinhloko ngandlela-thile oxhumene? Kanjani ncamashi? Lezi kanye nezinye engengaphansi imibuzo bezijabulisa izophendulwa inqubo ukujwayelaniswa nezinto kwe-athikili. Kuyafaneleka ukuba aqale cabanga ngqo ngokugcwele lo mbono.

Memory, inkumbulo umsebenzi

Ukukubeka ngamazwi alula singathi, imemori singachazwa ngokuthi irekhodi (imprinting), ukugcinwa kanye nokuqashelwa okwalandela, futhi uma kudingeka, ukudlala emuva okuhlangenwe nakho okulandelayo esikhathini esidlule. Ngokulinganayo uhlelo ezithakazelisayo ivumela ukugcina ulwazi, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa elidala ulwazi, amakhono kanye nolwazi.

Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, imemori kuyinto umsebenzi umfutho ngokucubungula ulwazi. Le nqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi bemvelo ngemilingo, equkethe eziningi izinqubo ukuma yangasese, sixhumene. Ngakho, noma iyiphi ukuhlanganisa maqondana amakhono nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze sikuqonde inkumbulo imisebenzi. Yiziphi izinkinga, ukuzindla isigaba, imisebenzi kanye izici inkumbulo zomlando kanye nesazisi kazwelonke, kukhona namuhla? Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi Psychology yesimanje, kukhona umbuthano phambi nezindaba ezinzima kakhulu. Kanjani izenzakalo sihleli kwimemori? Yiziphi izindlela bokuphila yale nqubo? Yikuphi amasu eyaziwa namuhla ngokuyinhloko imemori extra, ubheka imisebenzi yayo?

obusebenzayo

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, inkumbulo imisebenzi yengqondo indlela ephakeme kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo obonakalisa engokoqobo. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana umqondo, eyisisekelo inkumbulo nemisebenzi aqukethe ekutholeni, ukugcina, futhi udlale alandelayo isipiliyoni lezinkathi esidlule. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa imemori exhumene esikhathini esidlule futhi lwesintu olukhona manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhle kunika umuntu ithuba lokufunda nokuthuthukisa.

Lesi sahluko kuyoba usizo cabanga womuntu inkumbulo imisebenzi. Lesi sigaba iqukethe imisebenzi emihlanu ephelelisanayo futhi alo ibe puzzle olulodwa, phakathi okuyizinto lokhu okulandelayo:

• Ngekhanda. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo mthetho, umuntu unekhono ngekhanda ngokuyinhloko entsha kubo ulwazi zisekelwe ulwazi ngaphambilini okhethiwe. Lokhu umsebenzi inkumbulo izitshela ukuthi inqubo yokuzala ezingokomzimba impahla ngandlela-thile iqala inqubo cognition, okwakuhilela inkumbulo sezinzwa. Khona-ke, lapho izinto kakade kusetshenzwe, kuba inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane. Ngaphezu okungenhla, futhi isebenzisa umsebenzi olunikezwa RAM lapho ukuqashelwa wenziwa kanye izici ukuhlaziywa.
• Uma ucabangela main inkumbulo imisebenzi, ingasaphathwa ukonga. Ngakho, isikhathi ukugcinwa kolwazi noma kunjalo kuncike uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, kulapho umuntu isebenzisa ulwazi sesizwile, isikhathi eside bona izogcinwa kumemori. Lokhu umsebenzi inkumbulo ubizwa nangokuthi yomlando. Kungani? Iqiniso lokuthi ngokuhambisana nale nqubo Kwenziwa nokugcinwa kanye processing okwalandela material. Kuhle kokusho lapha ephawula imisebenzi yengqondo inkumbulo semantic. It uyakwazi esitolo imiqondo nezincazelo, eqoqwe kukho konke ukuphila komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inkumbulo episodic, okubonisa owaziwa kanjani imiqondo nezincazelo exhumene yesikhathi esithile nomuntu othize. Ngakho, la mazwi angenhla ezimbili izinhlobo inkumbulo usebenze Ngohlelo.

Ukudlala futhi sikhohlwe

Ngaphezu isitoreji futhi zilondolozwe, namuhla eyaziwa izici ezilandelayo inkumbulo:

• Playing - memory umsebenzi okusekelwe ukusetshenziswa inkumbulo nehlala njalo. Kuyinto sibonga ngaleli lungiselelo, ubuchopho bomuntu ongaphumelela ukuphinda isibonisi ngaphambilini Imininingwane okuphephile. Kuyadingeka ukwengeza ukuthi umuntu eveza impahla ngendlela efanayo njengoba, futhi igcina ke. Kuze kube yimanje, kuba kuphela kudingekile ukuba sikhumbule imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu umsebenzi inkumbulo kuhilela ngokwayo ngokuhamba inkumbulo episodic. Leli khono ukuze ungeze nokuzala ezinye izenzakalo ezihambisana naso. Lolu hlobo lomcimbi ubizwa ngokuthi "inkomba amaphuzu".
• Ukukhohlwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi Ijubane lale nqubo okuhambisanayo kuncike ngokuyinhloko isikhathi (ukuvula zomlando inkumbulo umsebenzi). Kunezizathu ahlukahlukene khohlwa, isibonelo, izinga eliphansi ngokuya idatha inhlangano futhi uhlamvu yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucabangela ubuningi kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi. Esinye isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu "ukuphazamiseka". Ngokuyinhloko elihlobene ne nomthelela omubi kolwazi oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu ifunda umbiko, kodwa ngokuhamba inqubo uthola izindaba ezimbi, the impumelelo kule nqubo ye kukhunjulwe, akakwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umuntu uthi mayelana eyashukumisela (okunenjongo) sikhohlwa indlela yena ngamabomu ndlela kuthuthukisa ulwazi ku enganakile.

isiphetho

Ngokwalokhu okungenhla kungenziwa baphetha ngokuthi emaphakathi inkumbulo umsebenzi - Ayive imnandi kokulondoloza. Kungani? Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-inqubo umkhiqizo umqondo le nqubo kungenzeka sokwetshisa ukwaziswa okubalulekile futhi ewusizo, okuyinto kusiza umuntu ukuba abe ngcono, ngobuchule, safinyelela abasha ukuze ngendlela emangalisayo ezithakazelisayo kwenzekani. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi yonke imisebenzi imemori ethulwa ngenhla kuhlobene. Ngakho-ke zikhona, futhi "isinyathelo" ngendlela evumayo bangakwazi kuphela kuhlanganiswe, kulesi simiso esingenabulungisa ehleliwe (umsebenzi evulekile inkumbulo zomlando kanye nesazisi kazwelonke).

inkumbulo izinhlobo

Ukuze uqale, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi namuhla ngesisekelo ezivamile sencazelo izinhlobo ezahlukene inkumbulo luncike izici izici zayo imisebenzi ehambisana isitoreji kanye nokudlala. Yingakho kwezinye izinhlobo memory abelwe ngokuvumelana nenqubo elandelayo esemqoka:

• Ukwahlukanisa ngokuvumelana uhlobo lomsebenzi naleso ngandlela-thile Liyanqoba yimuphi umsebenzi. Ngakho, ke wanquma izonikezwa ngokomzwelo, motor, ngamazwi, okunengqondo nemicabango inkumbulo.
• Ukwahlukanisa ngokuvumelana nohlobo imigomo kusho ukuba khona inkumbulo yokuzithandela futhi okungalindelekile.
• Ukwahlukanisa ngokuvumelana isikhathi eyodwa yokuqinisekisa nokugcina ulwazi, okuyinto ihlobene eduze indima nendawo yomsebenzi kukhiqizwa. Ngakho, imemori sehlukaniswe tekusebenta, yesikhathi eside futhi short-term.

Imprint inkumbulo sezinzwa

Ukuze uqale, vula inkumbulo zomlando kazwelonke ungubani imisebenzi. Lokhu kungasiza omunye umsebenzi fun, kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi isinyathelo ngqo kolwazi sezinzwa. Lolu hlelo uyakwazi ukuzibamba isithombe ngokwanele ephelele nenembile emhlabeni, okuyinto ngandlela-thile ibonwa izinzwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubude ukulondolozwa kwalo kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imizuzwana 0.1 -0.5 kuphela. Yini okufanele yenziwe?

Pussycat iminwe ezine esandleni sakhe. Qiniseka bona siqiniseke emizweni ngqo emva zinyamalala. Ngakho, umuzwa wangempela lokuqala ngempama ezigcinwe ngemva - kuphela inkumbulo ke.

Izame olungashukumisa umunwe noma ipensela bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene phambi kwamehlo ngifuna ngqo phambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo unake indlela kunalokho ezingacacile elandela yizindaba kunyakaza.

Vala amehlo akho, bese uvula kubo isikhashana, bese uvale futhi. Qaphela indlela aba isithombe esicacile kanye eqondile kwesikhathi esithile wazibona nguwe uyasindiswa, kancane ibisinyamalala.

Esifushane kanye inkumbulo yesikhathi eside

Okubalulekile, impahla agcinwayo, okuyinto engavamile komunye typology by inkumbulo yesikhashana (inkumbulo sezinzwa isebenza nge ukunemba noHezekeli). Kulokhu, ulwazi ayeba akuzona imephu ngokuphelele izenzakalo touch okwenzeka ezingeni, futhi ngokuqondile (phambili) nokuchazwa kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma khona umuntu nokuba akuhlele lokhu noma lokhuya ibinzana, uyakhumbula hhayi kuphela umsindo, izingxenye zalo, njengoba amazwi ngokwabo. Njengomthetho, ukukhumbula ukuba amayunithi yokugcina amahlanu noma ayisithupha e- ngalokho kwaziswa. Ukwenza bayazi umzamo ezingeni (ngamanye amagama, ukuphinda ulwazi ngokuphindaphindiwe), umuntu has kungenzeka short-term inkumbulo nokugcinwa isikhathi esingenasiphelo isikhathi.

Okulandelayo kuzoba kuyafaneleka ukucabangela le inkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Ngakho, kukhona umehluko ezihehayo kanye sobala phakathi kwememori izenzakalo nezimo lomcimbi esidlule futhi nje edlule. inkumbulo yesikhathi eside kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu wafunda izigaba. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthamo inkumbulo izinhlelo ngenhla umuntu ilinganiselwe kakhulu: owokuqala siqukethe inombolo wesitoreji amayunithi, owesibili - kusuka kwetshumi ambalwa yesibili. Noma kunjalo, abanye uhlobo nohlaka kwimemori eside kuze kube manje isesekhona, ngoba ubuchopho ngandlela-thile ukhonza njengomdala idivayisi yokugcina. Ngo oyiyo kukhona izinzwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ngamunye wabo ongama isamba esikhulu kolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bukhulu kangangokuthi ngendlela yokuhlakanipha, angabhekwa ikhono inkumbulo ubuchopho bomuntu angenamkhawulo. Ngakho, sonke sasikholwa imizuzu engaphezu kwengu ezimbili noma ezintathu ulwazi noma kunjalo kufanele kumemori eside.

Umthombo oyinhloko nobunzima ukuthi zihlobene kakhulu inkumbulo yesikhathi eside, umbuzo lokuthola izinto ezidingekayo kanye nokwaziswa. Inani ulwazi oluqukethwe inkumbulo Liyindawo ezinkulu. Yingakho kukhona bhanqa nobunye ubunzima ngokwanele sina. Nokho, njengoba umthetho, esinamandla ukuthola idatha ezidingekayo kungaba fast kakhulu.

Operational, motor kanye inkumbulo ngokomzwelo

Ngaphansi kwe-RAM kumele aqondwe izinqubo ngekhanda uhlamvu, okuyinto bekwi inkonzo kanye nokusebenza zamanje. inkumbulo okunjalo yakhelwe ukuze kulondolozwe ulwazi olunikeziwe okhohlwa okwalandela. Isikhathi okugcinwe kwezinhlobo inkumbulo kuncike ngokuyinhloko inkinga concomitant futhi ziyahlukahluka kusuka imizuzwana emibili kuya kwemithathu kuya ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu.

inkumbulo Motor - hhayi ukuthi abanye, njengoba inqubo ngekhanda, londoloza futhi udlale emuva tinhlobo letehlukene ukunyakaza, kanye izinhlelo zabo. By the way, ezweni namuhla ukwazana nabantu ezinezibalo ecacile futhi ngokweqile evelele yalesi uhlobo inkumbulo ngakolunye, okuyinto isihloko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kwengqondo.

Ngaphansi inkumbulo ngokomzwelo imemori kufanele kubhekwe imizwelo. Imizwelo kunjalo, upha isitshengiselo mayelana nendlela kukhona ukwaneliseka isidingo somuntu. Ngakho imizwa ukuthi abantu bahlangabezana futhi wasigcina enkumbulweni kuvele njengamadiski amasignali, noma ephoqelela isenzo noma ukuzibamba ngalokwentekako lapho wehlelwa yinto efanayo esikhathini esidlule kuye kwabangela ezimbi ezabehlela. Yingakho theory kanye umkhuba umqondo uzwela ngokuvamile ivelele, okusho ikhono ukuzwelana, ukuzwelana omunye umuntu, noma iqhawe yencwadi. Lesi sigaba kusekelwe imemori ngokomzwelo.

Lwetinongo ngamazwi-okunengqondo inkumbulo

Ngaphansi inkumbulo esithombeni ukuze kuqondwe inkumbulo isithombe ukuphila nemvelo, ukumelwa, kanye bathanda, umsindo futhi inuka. Lolu hlobo imemori ezibukwayo, sokuzwa, ethintekayo, olfactory futhi gustatory. Nakuba imemori sokuzwa nokubukwayo achazwayo, njengoba umthetho, kahle (okungukuthi, idatha izinhlobo ingafeza lukhulu kule orientation ukuphila kwabantu ezanele), i-olfactory, ethintekayo kanye inkumbulo gustatory ingachazwa ngempela njengoba izinhlobo okhokhelwayo. Kanye umuzwa ohambelana, zingabantu ngenxa ikakhulukazi ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa izimo ezithile umsebenzi eyanele, ukufinyelela level Amazing esikhundleni enikeziwe noma ezingekho isinxephezelo zinhlobo inkumbulo, isib, abantu abayizithulu noma impumputhe.

okuqukethwe kwimemori zika ngamazwi-okunengqondo lutho kodwa imicabango womuntu. Lesi sakamuva singabangela akekho ngaphandle ulimi (kulapha futhi kwakukhona igama zinhlobo). Njengoba imicabango ehlanganiswe lwezinhlobo ezahlukene zolimi, ukwanda kwabo ingathunyelwa ukudluliswa, noma incazelo ukhiye imininingwane enikeziwe, noma ukubhaliswa womlomo imigomo engokoqobo. Nakuba mBhalo libhekisela nokuqedwa ukuchayeka impahla ukucutshungulwa semantic, ngekhanda ongokoqobo singachazwa ngokuthi akunangqondo, futhi ngekhanda ushiwo.

Okungalindelekile futhi inkumbulo yokuzithandela

Nokugcina nokukhiqizwa okwalandela, lapho kungekho khona injongo ekhethekile ukukhumbula into ethile, ubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo okungalindelekile. Ezimweni lapho inqubo efanayo lilihle, kumayelana inkumbulo ezingafanele. Ngakho, ngo-isimo yokugcina, izinqubo ukuthi correlate nge isitoreji kanye nokudlala, abe isenzo esithile esikhethekile ngekhanda. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ethulwa memory ifomu izigaba ezimbili ezilandelanayo ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto manje ngobubanzi wafunda ngodokotela kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza wahlanganyela i umsebenzi efanele ensimini ngokwesayensi.