Amakilasi ngokunemba sokulinganisa izindlela. NeKwakha wokulinganisa amadivaysi. isigaba 5 ukunemba

Precision amathuluzi asetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphila futhi kukhiqizwe emphakathini wanamuhla. Ngaphandle imishini ekhethekile bekungeke kube indiza emkhathini, ukuthuthukiswa ezempi kanye imishini empini, nokuningi. Ukulungisa imishini yokwenza nzima impela. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene instrumentations. izinga kangakanani kuncike ekutheni ababambisana nemithetho yaleli imishini ezindaweni zabo ehlosiwe. Ukuze test nesilinganiso nazo asetshenziswa, futhi amakilasi of ngokunemba sokulinganisa zomculo.

Kuyini yokukala?

inqubo ngamunye isigaba noma inqubo yemvelo libhekene eziguquguqukayo ezithile ezifana lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukuminyana, njll njalo ukuqapha lezi nemingcele zingalawulwa ngisho alungise noma yisiphi isenzo ... Ukuze kube lula, amayunithi ejwayelekile adaliwe inqubo ngamunye, ezifana imitha, J., kg, njll zihlukaniswe ..:

· Main. Kuyinto amayunithi ezingeguquleke futhi ezivamile.

· Ngalokubumbene. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso nezinye amayunithi nemikhiqizo. Coefficient yabo zezinombolo ulinganiswa indlela eya ebunyeni.

· Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo. Lezi amayunithi kunqunywa lwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

· Multiple kanye sub. Kudaliwe ngokuvele azalane noma sokuhlukanisa noma ezinkulu 10 amayunithi ezingafanele.

Kuwo wonke umkhakha kukhona iqembu lokwehlukile njalo elisetshenziswa nokuqapha ukulungiswa izinqubo. iqoqo okunjalo amayunithi angakahleleki ibizwa ngokuthi uhlelo. Gada futhi kuhlanganiswe nemingcele inqubo ne instrumentation ekhethekile. imingcele yabo asethwe usebenzisa International System of Units.

Izindlela kanye izindlela zokulinganisa

Ukuze sihlaziye noma ukuqhathanisa ukubaluleka okuholela kufanele sigcwaliswe eziningi ucwaningo. Basuke aphethwe izindlela eziningana ezivamile:

· Direct. Lezi izindlela lapho noma iliphi inani eyatholakala empirically. Lezi zihlanganisa kokuhlaziywa oqondile, iqanda isinxephezelo kanye kwamangqamuzana. izindlela eqondile yokukala zinezikhathi lula nesivinini. Ngokwesibonelo, nesilinganiso ingcindezi ithuluzi ejwayelekile. Kulesi isigaba lokunemba gauge kakhulu ngaphansana kwezinye izifundo.

· Ongaqondile. izindlela ezinjalo zisekelwe ukubala ngobuningi ezithile imingcele aziwayo noma ezivamile.

· Ezihlanganisiwe. Lokhu izindlela zokulinganisa lapho ukubaluleka oyifunayo uzimisele kuphela kule sethi zibalo, kodwa nge ucwaningo ekhethekile. Ukufunda ngezinto ezinjalo avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa laboratory umkhuba.

Ngaphezu izindlela zokulinganisa amagugu, kukhona wokulinganisa mishini ekhethekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthola ipharamitha oyifunayo.

Kuyini instrumentation?

Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu okungenani kanye ekuphileni wachitha iyiphi ucwaningo noma ukuhlolwa laboratory. Kube esetshenziswa Izikali, voltmeters kanye namanye amathuluzi. Omunye nomunye umsebenzi ihabhu lakhe, kodwa kube khona eyodwa - ukulawula lapho bonke babelingana.

Ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi - ukunemba ukulinganisa izinga wonke amadivayisi kumele ngokucacile sihambisana ejwayelekile aqine. Lokhu akuvimbeli namaphutha athile. Ngakho-ke, ezingeni of ngokunemba sokulinganisa amathuluzi amakilasi zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe kwangena. Kuyinto ngabo kunqunywa ohlangothini iphutha izibalo kanye izibalo.

Kukhona futhi eziningana ukulawula imisebenzi emikhulu yalezi amadivaysi:

· Test. Le ndlela yenziwa ngisho at esiteji ekukhiqizeni. iyunithi ngayinye kahle kuhlolelwe ukulandelwa kwezilinganiso izinga.

· Ihlola. Kulokhu, wafanisa ukufunda amadivayisi oyisibonelo isivivinyo. Ngo-laboratory, isibonelo, wonke amadivayisi bangenile njalo eminyakeni emibili.

· Thola iziqu. Lo msebenzi, lapho bonke izigaba isikali test ithuluzi exhunywe amagugu ezifanele. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenziwe amadivayisi esinembile futhi zibe nezinzwa ezibukhali.

Ukwahlukanisa instrumentation

Manje kukhona lenqwaba amadivayisi ngawo idatha isheke kanye nezinkomba. Ngakho-ke, zonke ukulawula kanye wokulinganisa amadivaysi kungenziwa oluthathwa zibe izici eziningana ezinkulu:

1. ngu ubunjalo ukubaluleka elinganisiwe. Noma ezinye izinjongo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekukaleni ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, izinga, noma okuqanjiwe, kanye isimo ndaba nokunye. D. Kulokhu ngamunye kufanele izindinganiso zawo ikhwalithi nobuqotho, ezifana ngokunemba ekilasini amamitha, thermometer, njll

2. ngu indlela yokuthola ulwazi zangaphandle. Nasi ngezigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi:

- Ukuqoshwa - zinsizakuphila ngokuzimela ukuqopha yonke idatha input bese okukhipha for ukuhlaziya okwalandela;

- ukubonisa - lezi amadivaysi enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ngokukhethekile ukubona izinguquko inqubo;

- umqondo - lezi amadivaysi ngokuzenzakalelayo ulungise nenani kulinganiswa;

- Summing - lapha athathe isikhathi sokuphumula, futhi ithuluzi likhombisa inani lonke isikhathi;

- amasignali - zinsizakuphila anemisila umsindo ekhethekile noma ukukhanya uhlelo isixwayiso noma izinzwa;

- comparator - imishini yakhelwe ukuqhathanisa amanani uzimisele nge izinyathelo ezifanele.

3. Ngokweyoku-indawo. Hlukanisa emkhatsini idivayisi wokulinganisa zendawo akude. Kulokhu, lo somabhizinisi unekhono ukudlulisa idatha phezu kwanoma ibanga.

Izimpawu instrumentation

Emsebenzini ngamunye, qaphela ukuthi hhayi kuphela angaphansi ukusebenza ukuqinisekiswa idivayisi, kodwa futhi amasampula ejwayelekile. izinga yabo incike nemingcele eziningana ezifana:

· Ukunemba ekilasini futhi uhla iphutha. Wonke amadivayisi bayawenza amaphutha, ngisho namazinga. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi iphutha umsebenzi ngangokusemandleni. Isikhathi esining impela lapha isigaba ukunemba osebenza A.

· Ukuzwela. Lesi isilinganiso ukunyakaza emincane noma komugqa pointer ukuba umcibisholo uphenyo ubuningi ushintsho.

· Ukuguquguquka. Lo mehluko wenza evumelekile phakathi ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ukufundwa langempela le ithuluzi efanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

· Ukuthembeka. Lokhu ipharamitha ibonisa kwawo wonke izici ecacisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

· I inertia. Ngakho it libhekene ukulibala kancane ngesikhathi ithuluzi ukufundwa kanye ukubaluleka kulinganiswa.

Futhi a Instrumentation ezinhle kufanele nezimfanelo ezifana ukuqina, nokwethenjelwa maintainability.

Uyini iphutha?

Ochwepheshe bayazazi ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi, kukhona amaphutha amancane. Lapho efeza izilinganiso ezahlukene ukubizwa ngokuthi amaphutha. Bonke bangabangasokile ngenxa icala nokungapheleli izindlela nezindlela zocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, noma yiphi impahla zivumelana isigaba ukunemba, ezifana 1 noma 2 ikilasi lokunemba.

Sikwazi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo amaphutha:

· Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke. Lokhu umehluko phakathi indices wasebenzisa insimbi kanye nezinkomba ireferensi divayisi izimo ezifanayo.

· Isihlobo. iphutha enjalo angase abizwe ngokuthi engaqondile ngoba lokhu isilinganiso kutholakala nephutha ngokuphelele ukuba inani langempela lwenani kusengaphambili.

· I isihlobo inikezwe. Lokhu uyisihlobo ocacile phakathi inani eliphelele kanye nomehluko phakathi komkhawulo engenhla nengezansi izinga okwasetshenziswa.

Kukhona ngezigaba ngokuvumelana nohlobo iphutha:

· Okungahleliwe. amaphutha ezinjalo zenzeka ngaphandle njalo noma uhlelo. Ngokuvamile ukusebenza kuthonywa izici ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle.

· Izinhlelo. Lezi amaphutha zibangelwa umthetho esithile noma umthetho. Izinga elikhulu kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo kuncike isimo instrumentation.

· Ingena. amaphutha okunjalo ngempela kakhulu baphendukezele idatha ngaphambilini etholwe. Lezi amaphutha ziyasuswa kalula lapho eqhathanisa izilinganiso ezifanele.

5 Uyini ukunemba isigaba?

Ukuhlela idatha wathola imishini ephambili, kanye ukunquma izinga yabo yesayensi yanamuhla asebenzisa isimiso esikhethekile wokulinganisa. Ithola izilungiselelo elifanele.

Ukunemba amakilasi yokulinganisa zomculo - uhlobo isici generalized. Linikeza sencazelo imikhawulo noma izimo ezingaqinisekile properties ahlukahlukene ezithinta ukunemba yomculo. Kulokhu, ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi unendlela yawo instrumentation imingcele futhi amakilasi.

Ngokusho ukunemba nesimo sayo izilinganiso, namadivayisi amaningi ukulawula yesimanje ngokwahlukana ezifana: 0.1; 0.15; 0.2; 0.25; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 4.0. Kulokhu iphutha incike ekupha esikalini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-imishini amanani 0 - 1000 ° C avunyelwe izilinganiso yokuphambuka ± 15 ° C.

Uma sikhuluma imishini kwezezimboni nakwezolimo, ukunemba yabo yizigaba ezinjalo:

· 1-500 mm. Lapha, khona kanye emva 7 amakilasi asetshenziselwa: 1, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 no-5.

· Ngaphezu 500 mm. amakilasi ezisetshenzisiwe 7, 8, no-9.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo eliphezulu kakhulu kungaba ngesikhathi insimbi yedinichku. Kwavulwa ikilasi 5 ngokunemba isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izingxenye imishini agricultural ahlukahlukene, inqola kanye umusi esitimela. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi unakho lihlala ezimbili: H₅ futhi S₅.

Uma sikhuluma ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ezifana wesifunda amabhodi ezinyathelisiwe, eBangeni 5 ihlangabezana okhushuliwe ukunemba kanye nomklamo kwabantu. Kulokhu ububanzi umqhubi lingaphansi kuka 0.15, kanye nebanga phakathi babashayeli kanye emaphethelweni imbobo yamba ingeqi 0,025.

amazinga Interstate lokunemba eRussia

Noma imuphi usosayensi yesimanje ifuna ohlelweni lwaso ekunqumeni izinga amathuluzi asetshenziswa kanye nokutholakele. Ukuze nje okungaqondile kanye systematization yokukala ukunemba amazinga kwemibuso waba ingane yokutholwa.

Yizo ezinquma isikhundla eyisisekelo division zibe amakilasi amadivayisi, setha nazo zonke izimfuneko zokuhlala imishini enjalo nezindlela yokulinganisa izici ezihlukahlukene metrological. Ukunemba amakilasi zomculo yokulinganisa efakwe ezivakashi 8.401-80 GSI. Lolu hlelo laqanjwa ngesisekelo yomhlal awonke OIML inombolo Isincomo 34 kuya ku-July 1, 1981. Lapha zibekwe imithetho jikelele, ekutholweni amaphutha bese ekubizweni ukunemba amakilasi ngokwabo izibonelo ezishaya emhloleni zendlela azisebenzisa.

Izinhlinzeko main sokunquma ukunemba amakilasi

Ukuze ukuhlola ikhwalithi zonke instrumentation kanye nedatha etholakale, zikhona imithetho ethize:

· Ukunemba amakilasi Kufanele kukhethwe ngokuvumelana izinhlobo imishini esetshenziswa;

· Ukuze ezahlukene yokulinganisa amabanga kanye namagugu ungasebenzisa amazinga eziningana;

· Kuphela ucwaningo lokubheka ukuthi kungenzeka inquma inani amakilasi lokunemba imishini ethize;

· Izilinganiso zenziwa ngaphandle kokubheka umbuso ukwelashwa. Lezi zindinganiso zisebenze amadivaysi digital ngedivayisi esakhelwe Computing;

· Silinganiso ukunemba amakilasi babelwa esekelwe esimweni akhona imiphumela yokuhlolwa.

instrumentation electrodynamic

Phakathi amadivayisi zibala ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters noma kwamanye amadivaysi ukuthi ukuguqula zamanje ku namanani ahlukene. Ukuze umsebenzi wabo lesifanele oqine osebenza ukuhlolwa olukhethekile imishini sokulinganisa. Lokhu kwenziwa, isibonelo, ukwandisa isigaba Ukunemba voltmeter.

Umgomo we operation yalezi amadivaysi ukuthi amandla kazibuthe angaphandle ngesikhathi esifanayo sithuthukisa emkhakheni omunye amadivayisi wokulinganisa kunciphisa ensimini yomunye umuntu. Kulokhu, inani njalo.

Izinzuzo instrumentation zibala nokwethenjelwa, ukuthembeka futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Yena usebenza kuyafana DC futhi ngezinye AC.

Kodwa bokwenza onohlonze kakhulu kukhona ukunemba ongaphakeme futhi high amandla ukusetshenziswa.

instrumentation electrostatic

Lezi amadivayisi bahlinza isimiso nokuxhumana phakathi electrode icala, lapho behlukana yisivikelo. Ikhipha bona cishe zibukeka njengamakhekhe capacitor ipuleti. Ngakho, uma kususwa ingxenye ezithathekayo besikhundla Uhlelo washintsha.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - idivayisi nge komugqa futhi indlela ezingabalulekile. Sinenkosi isimiso ukuhluka. Uma idivayisi ihlinzeka ebusweni indlela capacitance izinguquko ngenxa ekushintshashintsheni endaweni asebenzayo we electrode. Kwelinye icala ezibalulekile, ibanga elibahlukanisile.

Izinzuzo amadivayisi abanjalo bangabaphostoli low power ukusetshenziswa, ikilasi ukunemba GOST ngokwanele ububanzi imvamisa ububanzi , njll

Ububi bayo ukuzwela encane kudivayisi, isidingo ukuzivikela nokwaphuka phakathi electrode.

magneto instrumentation

Lena enye indlela amadivaysi wokulinganisa ezivamile. Isimiso alamathuluzi kusekelwe nokuxhumana yokucucuza kazibuthe kukazibuthe kanye lekhoyili nge zamanje. Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu imishini nge uzibuthe zangaphandle kanye Uhlaka ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ikhipha bona aqukethe izakhi ezintathu. Lokhu core cylindrical, futhi sangaphandle uzibuthe ijoka.

Ukuze idatha izinzuzo Kip zihlanganisa sensitivity high nokunemba, encane amandla ukusetshenziswa, futhi ukuthula ezinhle.

Ngu nebubi kudivayisi onikezwayo yinkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza, ukungakwazi silondoloze izakhiwo zabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuchayeka kwethonya lokushisa. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ukucacisa ekilasini manometer ziyancipha kakhulu.

Ezinye izinhlobo instrumentation

Ngaphezu amadivaysi okungenhla, kukhona zomculo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo eminingi evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi ukukhiqiza.

Imishini enjalo kuhlanganisa:

· Thermoelectric amadivaysi. Bakala zamanje, voltage namandla.

· Ikhoyili yomculo. Ziyakwazi efanelekayo ekukaleni voltage kanye nenani ugesi.

· Kudivayisi Kuhlanganiswe. Lapha, i-nesilinganiso lokwehlukile ezisetshenziselwa indlela eyodwa kuphela. Ukunemba amakilasi zomculo yokulinganisa esetshenziswa kangakanani konke okufanayo. Ngokuvamile, basebenzisa amandla eqondile kushintshana zamanje, inductance kanye nemithi.