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Amandla Dual eRussia (1917): etafuleni, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela

I Februwari revolution washintsha ngokuphelele njengoba uhlelo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe ayengaphansi Empire Russian. nezakhiwo zikahulumeni eziningi abangu uyekwa, yaqala a iNguquko ezibucayi ubushiqela. Ekuqaleni, konke lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kwaholela, ngempela emangalisayo ongaziwa imikhakha yokubusa. Isibonelo esiphelele lingamandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917 mayelana nezimbangela zayo kanye nemiphumela kufanele kuxoxiswane ngokwehlukile.

Kuyini lokhu?

Ngenxa yalokho inguquko eRussia lezwakala kokubusa kunalokho iyunithi yokuqala, okwakubekelwa ezakhiwe Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kanye yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Workers futhi Amabutho 'amasekela. Ngaleso sikhathi, indlela yokwakheka Uhulumeni kwaba ebantwini abayishumi: amasosha amane, amabili Octobrist, omunye progressives futhi SR, kanye omele uMkhandlu wesiFundazwe futhi ilungu non-party. Ukwakheka kweBhodi sakhiwe ikakhulu Social Abavukeli futhi Mensheviks. Babekholelwa ukuthi umzimba yabo namanje ngeke walungisa ukuba kubuse isimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele nomkhawulo kokuqondisa uhulumeni.

Ngakho, amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917 - i- uhlelo lukahulumeni lapho amandla sabiwa phakathi izindikimba ezimbili: i-Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kanye noMkhandlu we Workers futhi Abalimi 'amasekela. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isikimu onjalo kubonisa ukulawula mutual kanye nokuvimbela "Kinks" esiza kuphela kwezakhi ezithile ezithile emphakathini. Ngo umkhuba, sasiwumsebenzi alilihle.

izizathu

By the way, kungani ngokuvamile kwakukhona amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917? Izizathu zalokhu banal kunalokho. Okokuqala, saphawula ukuthi wonke amabutho zezombusazwe eRussia ngaleso sikhathi babemagange amandla, kodwa aphikisana wodwa abangazazi ngempela ukusebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nephutha zokungazimiseli ephelele ukuthela zibhekane nemiphumela yezenzo zazo. Ingabe lokho akuyenzi zizwakala zijwayelekile? Ngokwesibonelo, kwakungekho muntu owayekwazi ulinge ulethe lizwe aphume impi, nakuba sekuyisikhathi eside waqonda ubuze yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Nakuba ombaxambili eRussia ngo-1917, lapho kwaba cishe akukho okuye kwenziwa ukuze ukudluliselwa wangempela wezwe ukuba abalimi, okuyinto ezimele amaningi njengoba ngo-1861. Yiqiniso, bonke ke usethe abantu ngokumelene Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kanye neBhodi.

UMkhandlu bese Uhulumeni Relations

UHulumeni wanqoba amaphuzu amabili umbono isimo eMkhandlwini sezenhlalo. Bobabili ayefana: ecaleni lokuqala, zamaphini babekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba enze noma iyiphi imvume nhlobo, okwesibili - lapho kufanele kancane kancane nciphisa zonke izinhlelo zokuphatha. Kodwa empeleni, indiva uMkhandlu kwakungenakwenzeka nhlobo, njengoba wencike ukusekela kwabantu abahlomile.

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi esimemezelweni, eyamukelwa Mashi 3, 1917, kanye naye kwathiwa evunywe ushwele umnyuziki zezombusazwe wamemezela kwenkululeko civil nokuqeda isigwebo sokufa, ikilasi akuvumelekile futhi ikilasi ukubandlulula, futhi labika ukubiza we ababamele LoMhlangano.

Liyaziphikisa Declaration Mashi

Ukuphaphalaza, owenza siwumbuso ombaxambili eRussia ngo-1917, kwaba ukuthi amalungu ala iSigungu akashongo lutho yimiphi ekunqanyulweni impi saba abangenangqondo, noma mayelana ekuphucweni umhlaba abanikazi bamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumemezela okuthenjisiwe Democratic Republic futhi akwenzekanga. Not Okungenani, lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi le Yesikhashana Uhulumeni wafuna ukuthi yini okwakudingeka ukuba agxilise wonke amandla isimo ezandleni zayo.

Sasiyini isakhiwo esimweni okokuqala ngemva Februwari zinguquko?

Ekuqaleni, ama-apharathasi ubudala zokuphatha walondolozwa ngokugcwele. Esikhundleni nababusi omethembayo nokhomishana Uhulumeni yatshalwa. Imithetho uhlala ngokugcwele okufanayo. Amaphoyisa salandelwa abezempi sabantu. Ekuqaleni, abantu bayasethemba Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, njengoba abantu babekholelwa ukuthi amalungu ayo ekugcineni ukuqeda impi futhi alethe izwe aphume esibucayi.

Ngakho, amandla ezimbili eRussia. 1917 egcekeni, e inqwaba izwe izinkinga kungalungiswanga zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Izinsiza ukubhekana nabo cishe zonke kwezakhi emphakathini ngoba iziphathimandla ezintsha, kusukela uhulumeni tsarist eminyakeni yamuva ukwenza lutho, ngokushesha futhi esiwujuqu ekuletheni izwe inhlekelele. Kodwa ngasizathu simbe ukuthi akuzange kusebenze futhi Yesikhashana Uhulumeni?

iphutha ukulawula

Ekhuluma udaba embi kakhulu emhlabathini lihlehliselwe zokugcina, kuze nomhlangano we ababamele LoMhlangano. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi iningi labantu Uhulumeni usuphinde ezinenzondo alien. Amaphaphu yehhashi egibele, yaqala ngaleso sikhathi nezinkinga we Yesikhashana kaHulumeni.

18 Apreli P. N. Milyukov, elalisekhaya ukuthi uNgqongqoshe isikhathi Wezindaba Zangaphandle, kusho umyalezo umbimbi ukuthi iRussia, kumnyama noma kubomvu, uya "ukulwa kuze kube sekupheleni ebabayo." Tinkhulungwane tebantfu tefika out lokubhikisha engasafuni ukuthumela abathandekayo babo nhlobo impi ezinenzondo. Milyukov futhi uNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela A. I. Guchkov zafakwa ngokushesha sichithiwe. Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-May, Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kuhlanganisa ezinye Mensheviks futhi SRS.

sokusebenzisana uhulumeni

Lena isikhathi uhulumeni womanyano, nalapho leliya lizwe lalibuswa 10 "capitalists" futhi "Socialists eziyisithupha". Nokho, zonke izinkinga zixazululwe, ngisho ke ngeke esakwazi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ke wazalwa izimo ezikahle kakhulu ukusekela abantu Bolshevism. Juni 3, 1917 ngesikhathi Okokuqala Zonke-Union Congress of abaseSoviet isinyathelo Lenin V I., yena owayesevele abuya ekuthunjweni.

Wathi iqembu lakhe wabona kwenzekani ezweni lingcolile, ukulungele ukuthatha wonke amandla ezandleni zabo, ukuze abuyise ukuthula. Ngakho, amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917 waqala ngokushesha nakakhulu ukulahlekelwa ukusekelwa yibo bonke tigaba. Uhulumeni kanye Yemfihlo Council azimthandi umuntu.

Direction - wobushiqela!

Mensheviks futhi SRS ithole ikakhulukazi kanzima, ngoba 'ubambisene onxiwankulu "e ebusweni Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Endaweni ukukhiqizwa amaBolshevik kukhona abasekeli abaningi. Izenzakalo Juni 18, wabonisa ngokucacile kakhulu lokhu. Ngalolu suku, uMkhandlu kuhlelwe rally besekela Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. AmaBolshevik asabela ngayo lapho usongo ecace ngale ndlela ngokushesha yabiza izisebenzi ukuba rally "nokuguqulwa".

Petersburg wedwa, abhikisha emigwaqweni hhayi ngaphansi kuka abantu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu ngubani "wathwala isisindo" ukuze ngamunye iziqubulo eyaziwa: "Zonke amandla amaSoviet" "Phansi nge izikhonzi isicebi!" "Phansi nge empini!".

Ukwehluleka phambili

Inkinga Uhulumeni seluseduze, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi lasungula okuhlaselayo kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian e-South-Western Front. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nje it is yizinkulumo ngokuphelele phansi, ukulahleka Russian babe kakhulu. Ngokusho zihlakazeke izifingqo zama archival lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi abulala amasosha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 60. Iza entsha inhlekelele yezombangazwe.

ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili Julayi eKomidini Central we Labaqalayo zinquma ukuhoxisa ngokuphelele kusukela "uhulumeni collaborationist," ngaleso sikhathi kakade baxoxisana amaqembu ubuzwe Ukraine, uvumela namagama ukukhululwa kulelizwe kuzalwa ezivela eRussia.

Ngokushesha ezitaladini Petersburg usephinde raged izinkulungwane imiboniso ezenzeka ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi kokudluliselwa wonke amandla yi-amaBolshevik. Lesi sikhathi isimo nzima yokuthi phakathi kwabantu babebaningi ngamasotsha kanye amatilosi. Ngokuvamile, amandla ezimbili owawukhona kakhulu ngenxa yokholo abantu eRussia 1917 e yokuthi amalungu aso uzokwazi ukumisa impi. Lapho lokhu bekungenzeki, ukuthembeka labavoti lalahleka ngokushesha.

kwelanga ombaxambili

UHulumeni selithathe isinqumo kwesibhamu ngesidingo ukusebenzisa amandla. It wabulala okungenani abantu abangaba ngu-700, futhi okungamele ukuphathwa komphakathi kancane kancane isiqala agxumele wobushiqela banal. It yethulwa umthetho karate enhloko-dolobha ngokushesha esephetha amayunithi lempi zavalwa ngokuphelele cishe zonke iphephandaba olukhulu.

sokusebenzisana Okwesibili uhulumeni

Yena wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukuboshwa ngokushesha ka V I. Lenina futhi G. E. Zinoveva, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi eliholwa KwamaBolshevik Party. Julayi 24 kwamiswa "uhlelo lwesibili" we uhulumeni womanyano, okuyinto kulokhu kwakuhlanganisa "capitalists" eziyisishiyagalombili kanye "Socialists" eziyisikhombisa. Undunankulu wase yigunya elisha iba nedumela elibi A. F. Kerensky.

Ngenxa yalokho okwenzeka ukuba izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo lapho uqede ombaxambili eRussia ngo-1917? Ithebula uchaza kafushane ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani kathathu ngaphambi esibucayi, kanye izimbangela ezaholela kubo.

A ithebula okuqhathanisa izimbangela olwathatha ethandwa

umadanisa izinto

I-April crisis

I-June crisis

Julayi crisis

Izimbangela sigameko

Ukuphikisana phakathi kwamabutho izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene ekuphathweni wezwe we

Usizi zonke imikhakha yezomnotho, umkhakha Lezokulima

Inani ukwehluleka okuhlukumezayo eningizimu-ntshonalanga

Ibhaxa okuhlelekileko kuqale imiboniso

Isitatimende nguNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle "mayelana nempi kuze kube sekupheleni ebabayo"

Ukulungiselela kwemisebenzi zihlasela "ukukhulisa ukwazi yokushisekela izwe"

ukulahlekelwa Huge, ekuqaleni ukunyakaza separatist ezindaweni eziningi umbuso wangaphambili

Uhlobo oluthile "imibhikisho ethandwa"

Emelene nempi ukuboniswa uhlamvu

Imiboniso ezihilela amasosha kanye amatilosi

imiboniso ahlomile

Iziqubulo main

"Phansi nge Miliukov," okungukuthi, uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle

"Phansi nge-impi", "Womke amandla - amaSoviet"

"Womke amandla - amaSoviet"

Empeleni, amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917 yaphela ngo-lo, ngoba ngemva kokudalwa kuka-uhulumeni wombuso empeleni iphethwe Mensheviks. Ngamafuphi nje, mayelana amandla okwabelana amandla yokukhuluma ingahambi. Ngakho, yini eyaholela amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917? Imiphumela ledvumatako:

  • Kube ukuphisa utshwala crisis enkulu emphakathini.
  • Kanye nombutho wezempi lasolwandle ayeyizidalwa hhayi ohlangothini uhulumeni.
  • Ukuletha lizwe aphume impi akekho owaba nesibindi.
  • Land abalimi awuzange adlulisiwe.
  • kwekuhlela kabusha ezidingekayo zomphakathi nezomnotho, abantu abazange balinde.

Ngokuvamile, amandla ezimbili eRussia ngo-1917, lapho wesifunda ekhonjwe ngenhla ngokuphindaphindiwe, kukhona isibonelo esihle amabutho zezombusazwe ababuthakathaka kanjani futhi engavikelekile "Dorval" emagunyeni, abakwazi ukwenza okuthile okuwusizo ngempela. AmaBolshevik futhi athumba izinhliziyo kubantu wakhetha ukuba ningabi nje kuphela rant, kodwa ukwenza.

Bayeka namanje iqhaza waseRussia empini, nakuba wenza kanjalo ngokugxila "okuyihlazo Brest Ukuthula", njengoba uLenin ngokwakhe wakhuluma ngokuqondile. Nokho, lapho kuqala kuzolile futhi khefu izwe Zazibiza. Sithemba usufundile zezici wake wayeka ombaxambili eRussia ngo-1917 Ithebula, okuyinto thina ocashunwe ngenhla, uchaza izizathu eziyinhloko.

Kornilov mutiny

Ngemva ombaxambili kwakuqedwe, umzamo yokuhlanganisa wonke amabutho sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe senziwa ukuze kuvinjelwe siye ku izinxushunxushu impi yombango. Phakathi no-Agasti kwenzeke emhlanganweni ngaphezulu yomphakathi, wakhe ubuhanjelwe wonke amabutho zezombusazwe kuleli zwe. Ngaphezu amaBolshevik. Maye, ukuzama ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni kuhlulekile ngokokuqala umpteenth: i Mensheviks ngokuthi sokuguquka yangempela nokuhlalisana noMkhandlu, onxiwankulu futhi wathi ufuna ukungenzela ubushiqela nokuqedwa ekugcineni kwabo bonke Socialists.

Kulezi zimo sebekwazi Icebo lika wezempi, "ophethe" okwakukhona Jikelele LG Kornilov. Uhlelo lakhe nje kuphela ukuqedwa Imininingwane wabaholi kwamaBolshevik, kodwa futhi izinyathelo ukugqugquzela emnothweni, ukubuyiselwa isigwebo sentambo ngo-Navy futhi Army. Muva nje, kwakudingekile ukumisa ukunwetshwa elikhula ngokushesha amasosha. Kornilov miscalculated: kwelasempumalanga ngokumelene cishe wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe, okuyinto umxhwele ukubuyiselwa ubushiqela wasebukhosini. Phakathi nesonto ukuvukela ukuyiveza.

Uma ufundisisa ingxenye yokuqala sizohlaziya, cishe ukukhumbula ukuthi ombaxambili eRussia ngo-1917 yaphela ngo-phetho manqikanqika amasekela kanye Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. I efanayo ngenxa kanye izenzakalo ezalandela: kokuthola, ekugcineni, amandla kwangempela, wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe abaye bawela nokunganaki. amalungu abo kakade kwakungadingeki noma yini, kodwa ngenxa amaBolshevik abangu kalula ethumba ekuphathweni isimo ezandleni zabo siqu, usebenzisa abasekele ngokugcwele ukhathele sonke lesi sizwe.

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